ReviewSurgical neurology international2021
Adverse impact of smoking on the spine and spinal surgery.
Review in Surgical neurology international, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- The association between smoking and clinical outcomes among spondylodesis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2026Pooled it
- Clinical and radiological outcomes of titanium cage versus polyetheretherketone cage in lumbar interbody fusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Neurosurgical review · 2025Pooled it
- Vertebral body sliding osteotomy as a less invasive alternative to 540° surgery for cervical myelopathy with rigid kyphosis.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2026Article
- Non-tobacco nicotine use and complications in single-level posterior lumbar and transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2026Article
- Standardizing Preoperative Care for Elective Spine Surgery: The University of Oklahoma Elective Spine Surgery Protocol.GeroScience · 2026Review
- Construction and Validation of a Nomogram Prediction Model for Recurrent Lumbar Disc Herniation After Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2026Article
- The effect of smoking on the radiological and functional outcomes of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with anchored standalone cages.Journal of spine surgery (Hong Kong) · 2025Article
- Long-term outcomes of total lumbar disc prosthesis: Sustained pain relief.North American Spine Society journal · 2025Article
- Non-tobacco nicotine dependence increases risk of complications following lumbar spine decompression and fusion.North American Spine Society journal · 2025Article
- Comorbid depression is associated with non-routine discharge following treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms.Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia · 2025Article
- Long-Term and Heavy Smoking as a Risk Factor for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: Evidence from a Large-Scale, Nationwide Population-Based Cohort.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Impact of nicotine product use on outcomes of patients receiving cervical disc arthroplasty: a propensity score analysis of the united States nationwide inpatient sample 2005-2020.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2025Article
- Prevention and Management of Posterior Wound Complications Following Oncologic Spine Surgery: Narrative Review of Available Evidence and Proposed Clinical Decision-Making Algorithm.Global spine journal · 2025Article
- Correlation between the ease of cage plates implantation and endplate Hounsfield unit value during ACDF: a retrospective study.BMC surgery · 2024Article
- The Shouldice Method: an expert's consensus.Hernia : the journal of hernias and abdominal wall surgery · 2023Article
- Intervertebral disc degeneration-Current therapeutic options and challenges.Frontiers in public health · 2023Review
- Smoking and degenerative spinal disease: A systematic review.Brain & spine · 2022Review
- Accidental Dural Tears in Minimally Invasive Spinal Surgery for Degenerative Lumbar Spine Disease.Frontiers in surgery · 2021Article
- Prevalence of Failed Back Surgery Syndrome Across Hospital Corporation of America Healthcare in the United States, Their Correlation With Mood Disorders and Other Lifestyle-Related Comorbidities.American journal of lifestyle medicineArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTobacco smokers and companies are well aware that smoking increases the risks for cancers, vascular morbidity, and early mortality. This is a review of the plethora of adverse effects chronic smoking has on spinal tissues and spinal surgery.
methodsMedline (PubMed) and Google Scholar databases were searched for pertinent literature through keywords related to smoking, spondylosis, and spinal surgery.
resultsSmoking accelerates spondylosis by impairing spinal tissue vascular supply through atherosclerosis and thrombosis, while inducing local hypoxia, inflammation, proteolysis, and cell loss. It, thus, compromises disc, cartilage, synovium, bone, and blood vessels. It can lead to early surgery, delayed wound healing, increased surgical site infection, failed fusion, more re-operations, and chronic spinal pain.
conclusionThere is ample evidence to support surgeons' declining to operate on chronic smokers. The need for immediate and permanent smoking cessation and its potential benefits should be emphasized for the patient considering or who has undergone spinal surgery.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.