ReviewNature reviews. Cancer2021
Sex disparities matter in cancer development and therapy.
Review in Nature reviews. Cancer, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 223 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
223 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Sex-based responses to immunotherapy in esophageal cancer: insights from a meta-analysis.BMC gastroenterology · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors as first-line treatment for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- What is the optimal first-line regimen for advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients with epidermal growth factor receptor mutation: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Comparison of SOX and CAPOX in patients with advanced gastric cancer after laparoscopic D2 gastrectomy: A randomized controlled trial.Cancer medicine · 2024Trial
- Association of major depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with thyroid cancer: a bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomized study.BMC psychiatry · 2024Trial
- Association of basal metabolic rate with mortality among cancer survivors: a cohort study emphasizing heterogeneity by gender and age.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- The shifting burden of tracheal, bronchus and lung cancer in ageing Asia: structural drivers and projections to 2050.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- Dementia incidence across countries: a sex-specific ecological analysis of cancer incidence.Future science OA · 2026Article
- Sex-Specific Proteomic Profiling Identifies Pregnancy Zone Protein as a Complement-Linked Marker of Adverse Prognosis in Esophageal Adenocarcinoma.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Lymph node contraction links sex-biased naive CD8Nature aging · 2026Article
- Multiplatform single-cell and spatial transcriptomics reveal sex-specific malignant states and architecture in male breast cancer.Science advances · 2026Article
- Efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in female patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Article
- BOMIFA: biologically informed multi-omics integration with graph contrastive learning for cancer prognosis in women.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2026Article
- Development and Validation of an Interpretable Machine Learning Model for Predicting Early Pulmonary Metastasis Risk in Osteosarcoma.Cancer medicine · 2026Article
- Sex of central neurons controls intestinal niche signalling to drive sex differences in stem cell activity and cancer susceptibility.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Article
- Sexually Dimorphic RNA Helicase DDX3Y, But Not DDX3X, Plays a Potential Tumor-Suppressive Role in Colorectal Carcinogenesis in Males.Biochemical genetics · 2026Article
- Article
- Reduced Tumor Control in Males Can Result from Impaired CD4+ T-cell Help through the CD40L-CD40 Pathway.Cancer immunology research · 2026Article
163 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Curing cancer through precision medicine is the paramount aim of the new wave of molecular and genomic therapies. Currently, whether patients with non-reproductive cancers are male or female according to their sex chromosomes is not adequately considered in patient standard of care. This is a matter of consequence because there is growing evidence that these cancer types generally initiate earlier and are associated with higher overall incidence and rates of death in males compared with females. Gender, in contrast to sex, refers to a chosen sexual identity. Hazardous lifestyle choices (notably tobacco smoking) differ in prevalence between genders, aligned with disproportionate cancer risk. These add to underlying genetic predisposition and influences of sex steroid hormones. Together, these factors affect metabolism, immunity and inflammation, and ultimately the fidelity of the genetic code. To accurately understand how human defences against cancer erode, it is crucial to establish the influence of sex. Our Perspective highlights evidence from basic and translational research indicating that including genetic sex considerations in treatments for patients with cancer will improve outcomes. It is now time to adopt the challenge of overhauling cancer medicine based on optimized treatment strategies for females and males.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.