Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33879597›Full record

Trial reportNeurology2021

Effect of Neurofeedback Facilitation on Poststroke Gait and Balance Recovery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Masahito Mihara, Hiroaki Fujimoto, Noriaki Hattori, Hironori Otomune, Yuta Kajiyama, Kuni Konaka, Yoshiyuki Watanabe, Yuichi Hiramatsu, Yoshihide Sunada, Ichiro Miyai and 1 more

Open access · hybridAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Neurology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
44citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
7.7field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

44 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 75 citations in OpenAlex.

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  10. Brain-computer interface: an update for the clinicians.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.

Masahito MiharaFrom the Department of Neurology (M.M., Y.S.), Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki; Departments of Neurology (M.M., H.O., Y.K., K.K., H.M.) and Radiology (Y.W.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita; Neurorehabilitation Research Institute (H.F., Y.H., I.M.), Morinomiya Hospital, Osaka; Division of Clinical Neuroengineering (N.H.), Osaka University Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Suita; and Department of Rehabilitation (N.H.), Toyama University, Japan. mihara@med.kawasaki-m.ac.jp.ORCID 0000-0001-5103-7784
Hiroaki FujimotoFrom the Department of Neurology (M.M., Y.S.), Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki; Departments of Neurology (M.M., H.O., Y.K., K.K., H.M.) and Radiology (Y.W.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita; Neurorehabilitation Research Institute (H.F., Y.H., I.M.), Morinomiya Hospital, Osaka; Division of Clinical Neuroengineering (N.H.), Osaka University Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Suita; and Department of Rehabilitation (N.H.), Toyama University, Japan.
Noriaki HattoriFrom the Department of Neurology (M.M., Y.S.), Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki; Departments of Neurology (M.M., H.O., Y.K., K.K., H.M.) and Radiology (Y.W.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita; Neurorehabilitation Research Institute (H.F., Y.H., I.M.), Morinomiya Hospital, Osaka; Division of Clinical Neuroengineering (N.H.), Osaka University Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Suita; and Department of Rehabilitation (N.H.), Toyama University, Japan.
Hironori OtomuneFrom the Department of Neurology (M.M., Y.S.), Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki; Departments of Neurology (M.M., H.O., Y.K., K.K., H.M.) and Radiology (Y.W.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita; Neurorehabilitation Research Institute (H.F., Y.H., I.M.), Morinomiya Hospital, Osaka; Division of Clinical Neuroengineering (N.H.), Osaka University Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Suita; and Department of Rehabilitation (N.H.), Toyama University, Japan.
Yuta KajiyamaFrom the Department of Neurology (M.M., Y.S.), Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki; Departments of Neurology (M.M., H.O., Y.K., K.K., H.M.) and Radiology (Y.W.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita; Neurorehabilitation Research Institute (H.F., Y.H., I.M.), Morinomiya Hospital, Osaka; Division of Clinical Neuroengineering (N.H.), Osaka University Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Suita; and Department of Rehabilitation (N.H.), Toyama University, Japan.
Kuni KonakaFrom the Department of Neurology (M.M., Y.S.), Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki; Departments of Neurology (M.M., H.O., Y.K., K.K., H.M.) and Radiology (Y.W.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita; Neurorehabilitation Research Institute (H.F., Y.H., I.M.), Morinomiya Hospital, Osaka; Division of Clinical Neuroengineering (N.H.), Osaka University Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Suita; and Department of Rehabilitation (N.H.), Toyama University, Japan.
Yoshiyuki WatanabeFrom the Department of Neurology (M.M., Y.S.), Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki; Departments of Neurology (M.M., H.O., Y.K., K.K., H.M.) and Radiology (Y.W.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita; Neurorehabilitation Research Institute (H.F., Y.H., I.M.), Morinomiya Hospital, Osaka; Division of Clinical Neuroengineering (N.H.), Osaka University Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Suita; and Department of Rehabilitation (N.H.), Toyama University, Japan.
Yuichi HiramatsuFrom the Department of Neurology (M.M., Y.S.), Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki; Departments of Neurology (M.M., H.O., Y.K., K.K., H.M.) and Radiology (Y.W.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita; Neurorehabilitation Research Institute (H.F., Y.H., I.M.), Morinomiya Hospital, Osaka; Division of Clinical Neuroengineering (N.H.), Osaka University Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Suita; and Department of Rehabilitation (N.H.), Toyama University, Japan.
Yoshihide SunadaFrom the Department of Neurology (M.M., Y.S.), Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki; Departments of Neurology (M.M., H.O., Y.K., K.K., H.M.) and Radiology (Y.W.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita; Neurorehabilitation Research Institute (H.F., Y.H., I.M.), Morinomiya Hospital, Osaka; Division of Clinical Neuroengineering (N.H.), Osaka University Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Suita; and Department of Rehabilitation (N.H.), Toyama University, Japan.
Ichiro MiyaiFrom the Department of Neurology (M.M., Y.S.), Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki; Departments of Neurology (M.M., H.O., Y.K., K.K., H.M.) and Radiology (Y.W.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita; Neurorehabilitation Research Institute (H.F., Y.H., I.M.), Morinomiya Hospital, Osaka; Division of Clinical Neuroengineering (N.H.), Osaka University Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Suita; and Department of Rehabilitation (N.H.), Toyama University, Japan.
Hideki MochizukiFrom the Department of Neurology (M.M., Y.S.), Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki; Departments of Neurology (M.M., H.O., Y.K., K.K., H.M.) and Radiology (Y.W.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita; Neurorehabilitation Research Institute (H.F., Y.H., I.M.), Morinomiya Hospital, Osaka; Division of Clinical Neuroengineering (N.H.), Osaka University Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Suita; and Department of Rehabilitation (N.H.), Toyama University, Japan.
Kawasaki Medical School · JP

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo test the hypothesis that supplementary motor area (SMA) facilitation with functional near-infrared spectroscopy-mediated neurofeedback (fNIRS-NFB) augments poststroke gait and balance recovery, we conducted a 2-center, double-blind, randomized controlled trial involving 54 Japanese patients using the 3-meter Timed Up and Go (TUG) test.

methodsPatients with subcortical stroke-induced mild to moderate gait disturbance more than 12 weeks from onset underwent 6 sessions of SMA neurofeedback facilitation during gait- and balance-related motor imagery using fNIRS-NFB. Participants were randomly allocated to intervention (28 patients) or placebo (sham: 26 patients). In the intervention group, the fNIRS signal contained participants' cortical activation information. The primary outcome was TUG improvement 4 weeks postintervention.

resultsThe intervention group showed greater improvement in the TUG test (12.84 ± 15.07 seconds, 95% confidence interval 7.00-18.68) than the sham group (5.51 ± 7.64 seconds, 95% confidence interval 2.43-8.60; group difference 7.33 seconds, 95% CI 0.83-13.83;

conclusionSMA facilitation during motor imagery using fNIRS neurofeedback may augment poststroke gait and balance recovery by modulating the SMA and its related network. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class III evidence that for patients with gait disturbance from subcortical stroke, SMA neurofeedback facilitation improves TUG time (UMIN000010723 at UMIN-CTR; umin.ac.jp/english/).

Indexed as

AdultAgedDouble-Blind MethodFemaleGaitGait Disorders, NeurologicHumansImaginationMaleMiddle AgedMotor CortexNeurofeedbackPostural BalanceRecovery of FunctionSpectroscopy, Near-InfraredStroke Rehabilitation

Identifiers

PMID33879597
PMCPMC8205450
OpenAlexW3154525778

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.