Observational studyBMJ open diabetes research & care2021
Associations between continuous glucose monitoring-derived metrics and diabetic retinopathy and albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Observational study in BMJ open diabetes research & care, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between glycated hemoglobin variability and risk of diabetic kidney disease and diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Uric Acid and Diabetic Retinopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2022Pooled it
- Time in range, as measured by continuous glucose monitor, as a predictor of microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2022Pooled it
- Comparative effects of fixed-dose mitiglinide/voglibose combination and glimepiride on vascular endothelial function and glycemic variability in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2024Trial
- Abnormal Glycaemic Fluctuations Associated With Early Microvascular Changes in the Retina and Choroid of Nondiabetic Adults.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Correlations Among Glycemia and Glucose Variability, Thyroid Hormones, and Albuminuria in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- Association Between Short-Term Glycemic Variability Measured by Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Early Diabetic Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2026Article
- Synergistic Association of Glycemic Variability and Severe Vitamin D Deficiency with Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Emerging technologies for early risk stratification and precision management of diabetic kidney disease: a multimodal framework integrating digital phenotypes and clinical biomarkers.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- The clinical importance of measuring glycaemic variability: Utilising new metrics to optimise glycaemic control.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2024Review
- Cardiovascular Risk Factors as Independent Predictors of Diabetic Retinopathy in Type II Diabetes Mellitus: The Development of a Predictive Model.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Article
- Glycemic variability is associated with sural nerve conduction velocity in outpatients with type 2 diabetes: Usefulness of a new point-of-care device for nerve conduction studies.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2024Article
- Continuous glucose monitoring for the routine care of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2024Review
- Associations between time in range and insulin secretory capacity in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Association between brain imaging biomarkers and continuous glucose monitoring-derived glycemic control indices in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2024Article
- Age at Diagnosis of Diabetes in Young Men is Associated with Albuminuria.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2024Article
- Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonist Therapy to Achieve Individualized Treatment Goals in Insulin-Treated People With Type 2 Diabetes: A Case Series and Expert Opinion.Clinical diabetes : a publication of the American Diabetes Association · 2024Article
- Continuous glucose monitoring-derived time in range and CV are associated with altered tissue characteristics of the carotid artery wall in people with type 2 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2023Observational
- Glucose-lowering effects of semaglutide compared with dulaglutide using professional continuous glucose monitoring in outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pilot study.Diabetology international · 2023Article
- Beyond A1C: exploring continuous glucose monitoring metrics in managing diabetes.Endocrine connections · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionPreventing the development and progression of diabetic microvascular complications through optimal blood glucose control remains an important challenge. Whether metrics based on continuous glucose monitoring are useful for the management of diabetic microvascular complications is not entirely clear. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsThis is an exploratory analysis of an ongoing prospective, multicenter, 5-year follow-up observational study. Study participants included 999 outpatients with type 2 diabetes who underwent continuous glucose monitoring at baseline. Associations between continuous glucose monitoring-derived metrics and the severity of diabetic retinopathy or albuminuria were investigated using multivariable proportional odds models.
resultsThe overall prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was 22.2%. Multivariate analysis with proportional odds models demonstrated that continuous glucose monitoring-derived metrics related to intraday and interday glucose variability are significantly associated with the severity of diabetic retinopathy, even after adjusting for various possible risk factors. However, significant relationships were not observed after adjusting for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. The prevalence of microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria was 20.3% and 6.7%, respectively. Similarly, multivariate analysis demonstrated that those metrics are significantly associated with the severity of albuminuria. These relationships remained significant even after further adjusting for HbA1c levels.
conclusionsContinuous glucose monitoring-derived metrics related to intraday and interday glucose variability are significantly associated with the severity of diabetic retinopathy or albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. Thus, evaluating these metrics might possibly be useful for risk assessment of diabetic microvascular complications.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.