Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33878919›Full record

ArticleProceedings. Biological sciences2021

A deepening understanding of animal culture suggests lessons for conservation.

Philippa Brakes, Emma L Carroll, Sasha R X Dall, Sally A Keith, Peter K McGregor, Sarah L Mesnick, Michael J Noad, Luke Rendell, Martha M Robbins, Christian Rutz and 15 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings. Biological sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
56citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

56 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Knowledge transmission, culture and the consequences of social disruption in wild elephants.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025
    Pooled it
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. Article
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  6. Article
  7. Article
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  9. Article
  10. Brokering peace in the ape (culture) wars.Evolutionary human sciences · 2026
    Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Traditional ecological knowledge for great ape conservation in Gabon.Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine · 2025
    Article
  15. Integrating culture into primate conservation.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025
    Review
  16. Social learning and culture in birds: emerging patterns and relevance to conservation.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025
    Review
  17. Conserving avian vocal culture.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025
    Review
  18. Network indicators of cultural resilience to anthropogenic removals in animal societies.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025
    Article
  19. Fishy culture in a changing world.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025
    Review
  20. Strategies for integrating animal social learning and culture into conservation translocation practice.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

25 authors.

Philippa BrakesCentre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK.
Emma L CarrollSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
Sasha R X DallCentre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK.
Sally A KeithLancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
Peter K McGregorISPA-Instituto Universitário, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal.
Sarah L MesnickMarine Mammal and Turtle Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
Michael J NoadCetacean Ecology and Acoustics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, QLD 4343, Australia.
Luke RendellSea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 8LB, UK.
Martha M RobbinsDepartment of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
Christian RutzCentre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK.
Alex ThorntonCentre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK.
Andrew WhitenCentre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK.
Martin J WhitingDepartment of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
Lucy M AplinMax Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell 78315, Germany.
Stuart BearhopCentre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK.
Paolo CiucciDepartment of Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
Vicki FishlockCentre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK.
John K B FordDepartment of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Giuseppe Notarbartolo di SciaraTethys Research Institute, 20121 Milan, Italy.
Mark P SimmondsBristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK.
Fernando SpinaIstituto Superiore Protezione Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), I-40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy.
Paul R WadeMarine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
Hal WhiteheadBiology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H4R2.
James WilliamsJoint Nature Conservation Committee, Monkstone House, Peterborough PE1 1JY, UK.
Ellen C GarlandSea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 8LB, UK.

Funding

Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council BB/S018484/1
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

A key goal of conservation is to protect biodiversity by supporting the long-term persistence of viable, natural populations of wild species. Conservation practice has long been guided by genetic, ecological and demographic indicators of risk. Emerging evidence of animal culture across diverse taxa and its role as a driver of evolutionary diversification, population structure and demographic processes may be essential for augmenting these conventional conservation approaches and decision-making. Animal culture was the focus of a ground-breaking resolution under the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), an international treaty operating under the UN Environment Programme. Here, we synthesize existing evidence to demonstrate how social learning and animal culture interact with processes important to conservation management. Specifically, we explore how social learning might influence population viability and be an important resource in response to anthropogenic change, and provide examples of how it can result in phenotypically distinct units with different, socially learnt behavioural strategies. While identifying culture and social learning can be challenging, indirect identification and parsimonious inferences may be informative. Finally, we identify relevant methodologies and provide a framework for viewing behavioural data through a cultural lens which might provide new insights for conservation management.

Indexed as

BiodiversityConservation of Natural ResourcesAnimalsAnimals, WildBiological EvolutionLearningconservation managementcultural transmissionevolutionary significant unitshuman–wildlife conflictpopulation viabilitysocial learning

Identifiers

PMID33878919
PMCPMC8059593

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.