ArticlePsychoneuroendocrinology2021
The intergenerational interplay of adversity on salivary inflammation in young children and caregivers.
Article in Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Inflammatory Stress Response During Pregnancy as a Connecting Link in Intergenerational Risk Cascades.Developmental psychobiology · 2026Article
- Improving the Assessment of Childhood Adversity: Factors Influencing Questionnaire and Interview Method Concordance.Journal of child & adolescent trauma · 2026Article
- Inflammation and minority stress: A moderated mediation model of childhood adversity and mental health in young men who have sex with men.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- Sex differences in the roles of nicotine use and puberty on youth C-reactive protein levels: Effects above and beyond adversity.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- [Research progress on the mechanism of the impact of maternal childhood trauma on intergenerational transmission].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2024Article
- Using Microbiome-Based Approaches to Deprogram Chronic Disorders and Extend the Healthspan following Adverse Childhood Experiences.Microorganisms · 2022Review
- Neuroinflammation, Early-Life Adversity, and Brain Development.Harvard review of psychiatryReview
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Systemic inflammation links exposure to early childhood adversity to later disease. The associations among adversity and disease risk might in part operate through poor oral hygiene and subsequent periodontal inflammation, which can be measured in saliva. Few studies, however, have examined the association between adversity and salivary inflammation in young children. Further, there is a dearth of literature investigating adverse experiences and salivary inflammation in children and caregivers together, limiting our understanding of the intergenerational, dual effects of adversity on inflammation for both members of the caregiver-child dyad. This study tested child and caregiver adversity and their associations with an inflammatory composite (i.e., IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α) and CRP in 93 preschool-age children and their caregivers. Caregivers reported on their child's experiences of adversity, as well as on their own adverse experiences, using a comprehensive questionnaire synthesized from previous checklists for complete coverage of possible adverse events. Results showed that caregivers' salivary inflammatory markers (i.e., IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α, and CRP) were not significantly correlated with the same five inflammatory markers in children's saliva. Among children, adversity was associated with significantly higher levels of the inflammatory composite, though not CRP. This association was amplified among children whose caregivers also experienced more adversity during adulthood. Among caregivers, childhood adversity and adulthood adversity were each independently associated with significantly higher levels of the inflammatory composite and CRP. The association between caregivers' own childhood adversity and inflammation was amplified among caregivers whose children also experienced more adversity during their childhoods. These findings provide preliminary evidence for the possible dual role of young children's and caregivers' adverse experiences in contributing to salivary inflammation for both members of the dyad, suggesting possible implications for systemic inflammation and future disease.
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