ArticleBiomaterials2021
Biphasic response of T cell activation to substrate stiffness.
Article in Biomaterials, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mechano-immunomodulatory biomaterials: From immune mechanosensing to translational design.Bioactive materials · 2026Review
- Biomaterial-EnabledCell biomaterials · 2026Article
- Mechanobiology of CAR-T cell therapy: regulatory mechanisms and strategies for enhanced antitumor immunity.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Manufacturing synthetic viscoelastic antigen-presenting cells for immunotherapy.Nature protocols · 2026Review
- The mechano-immunological landscape in the tumor microenvironment: From mechanical sensing to a new therapeutic paradigm.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Artificial intelligence empowered biomaterials for cancer therapy: From rational design to clinical translation.Chinese journal of cancer research = Chung-kuo yen cheng yen chiu · 2026Article
- IL-2 Free Expansion of T Cells with Immunofilaments.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Tunable Enhancement of T Cell Expansion Through Modulation of Stiffness and Adhesion Receptor Engagement in an Engineered Hydrogel Platform.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- Mechanical Microenvironment in Tumor Immune Evasion: Bidirectional Regulation Between Matrix Stiffness and Immune Cells and Its Therapeutic Implications.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Review
- Physical cues influence the construction of the osteoimmune microenvironment: focus on the hematoma period.Regenerative biomaterials · 2026Review
- Extracellular matrix stiffness in hepatocellular carcinoma: mechanisms and targeted therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Integrin-Mediated Mechanosensing of Modeled Lymph Node Microenvironment Promotes T Cell Activation via Nuclear Deformation.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Article
- Beyond Structure: The Dynamic Role of the Extracellular Matrix Components in Immune Evasion.Cancer communications (London, England) · 2026Review
- Extracellular matrices regulate extravasation journey of leukocytes and inflammatory tissue fate.eLife · 2025Review
- Chemical compensation to mechanical loss in cell mechanosensation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Predicting Mechanosensitive T Cell Expansion from Cell Spreading.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- Topography-based implants for bone regeneration: Design, biological mechanism, and therapeutics.Materials today. Bio · 2025Review
- Synthetic Biology and Biomaterials Strategies to Deceive the Tumor Microenvironment in CAR-T Immunotherapy.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2025Review
- Mechanosensitive biochemical imprinting of the talin interaction with DLC1 regulates RhoA activity and cardiomyocyte remodeling.Science advances · 2025Article
- The Rise of Mechanobiology for Advanced Cell Engineering and Manufacturing.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
T cell activation is sensitive to the mechanical properties of an activating substrate. However, there are also contrasting results on how substrate stiffness affects T cell activation, including differences between T cells of mouse and human origin. Towards reconciling these differences, this report examines the response of primary human T cells to polyacrylamide gels with stiffness between 5 and 110 kPa presenting activating antibodies to CD3 and CD28. T cell proliferation and IL-2 secretion exhibited a biphasic functional response to substrate stiffness, which can be shifted by changing density of activating antibodies and abrogated by inhibition of cellular contractility. T cell morphology was modulated by stiffness at early time points. RNA-seq indicates that T cells show differing monotonic trends in upregulated genes and pathways towards both ends of the stiffness spectrum. These studies provide a framework of T cell mechanosensing and suggest an effect of ligand density that may reconcile different, contrasting patterns of stiffness sensing seen in previous studies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.