ArticleJournal of athletic training2021
Rule Modifications to Reduce Checking-Related Injuries in High School Boys' Lacrosse.
Article in Journal of athletic training, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Incidence of Sports-Related Concussion in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Sports medicine - open · 2025Pooled it
- The Epidemiology of Catastrophic Head and Neck Injuries in High School and College Non-Football Sports: A 4-Decade Review.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2026Article
- Evaluating the Use of In-Game Rule Changes as a Primary Prevention Approach to Reduce Injury Risk in Invasion Team Sports: A Scoping Review.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Article
- Catastrophic injuries and exertional medical events in lacrosse among youth, high school and collegiate athletes: longitudinal surveillance over four decades (1982-2020).Annals of medicine · 2024Article
- Sports Injury Surveillance Systems: A Scoping Review of Practice and Methodologies.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2024Article
- Concussion Rates in Youth Lacrosse Players and Comparison With Youth American Football.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2024Article
- QUANTIFYING HEAD IMPACT EXPOSURE, MECHANISMS AND KINEMATICS USING INSTRUMENTED MOUTHGUARDS IN MALE HIGH SCHOOL LACROSSE.Biomedical sciences instrumentation · 2022Article
- Quantifying head impact exposure, mechanisms and kinematics using instrumented mouthguards in female high school lacrosse.Research in sports medicine (Print)Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
contextThe National Federation of State High School Associations previously implemented 2 lacrosse rule modifications: Rule 5.4 in the 2012-2013 academic year to heighten the penalty for a head or neck hit to the head, face, or neck (HFN) and Rule 5.3.5 in the 2013-2014 academic year to minimize body checking.
objectiveTo determine if the rates of overall injury, HFN injuries, and concussions due to intentional contact (checking) differed for boys' high school lacrosse players after Rule 5.4 and 5.3.5 modifications were enacted.
designDescriptive epidemiology study.
settingWeb-based online surveillance system. PATIENTS OR OTHER
participantsBoys' high school lacrosse players during the 2008-2009 to 2016-2017 seasons whose teams involved athletic trainers participating in the High School Reporting Information Online sports injury-surveillance system. INTERVENTION(S): Rule 5.4 in the 2012-2013 academic year increased the penalty for any intentional hits to the HFN, and Rule 5.3.5 in the 2013-2014 year eliminated body checking to a player in a defenseless position. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Overall, HFN, and concussion injury rate ratios (IRRs) by checking mechanism; overall and checking-related injury ratios by competitions and practices.
resultsA decrease was shown in checking-related HFN injuries (IRR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.13, 0.65) and checking-related concussions (IRR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.12, 0.70) during practices in the seasons after both rule modifications were imposed, but no decreases occurred in any checking-related injuries during competitions. By injury mechanism, no decreases were evident after the Rule 5.4 modification. When both rule modifications (Rules 5.4 and 5.3.5) were enacted together, concussion rates due to delivering body checks (IRR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.29, 0.91) and overall injury risk due to being body checked (IRR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.53, 0.97) decreased.
conclusionsWhen both Rule 5.4 and 5.3.5 modifications were in effect, concussion and overall injury risks decreased for the body checker and the player being body checked, respectively.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.