ArticleEnvironmental health perspectives2021
Occurrence of Lead and Other Toxic Metals Derived from Drinking-Water Systems in Three West African Countries.
Article in Environmental health perspectives, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Electrochemical sensor based on iron-based metal-organic framework nanocomposite derived from acid mine drainage for the detection of lead (II) ions in water.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2026Article
- The Mechanisms of Lead Toxicity in Living Organisms.Journal of xenobiotics · 2025Review
- Epigenetic Regulation in Exposome-Induced Tumorigenesis: Emerging Roles of ncRNAs.Biomolecules · 2022Review
- Adapting a safe water storage container to improve household stored water quality in rural Burkina Faso: a cluster randomized trial.Journal of water, sanitation, and hygiene for development : a journal of the International Water Association · 2021Article
- A Fix for Fixtures: Addressing Lead Contamination in West African Drinking Water.Environmental health perspectives · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundExposure to toxic metals (TMs) such as lead can cause lifelong neurodevelopmental impairment and other adverse outcomes. TMs enter drinking water from human activity, geogenic contamination, and corrosion of water system components. Several studies report TM contamination in piped systems and private wells in high-income countries (HICs). However, few robust studies report on TM contamination in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
objectivesWe characterized the occurrence and investigated sources of TM contamination in 261 rural water systems in three West African LMICs to inform prevention and management.
methodsWater samples were collected from 261 community water systems (handpumps and public taps) across rural Ghana, Mali, and Niger. Scrapings were collected from accessible components of a subset of these systems using a drill with acid-washed diamond-tipped bits. Samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) mass spectrometry or ICP optical emission spectroscopy.
resultsOf the TMs studied, lead most frequently occurred at levels of concern in sampled water system components and water samples. Lead mass fractions exceeded International Plumbing Code (IPC) recommended limits (0.25% wt/wt) for components in 82% (107/130) of systems tested; brass components proved most problematic, with 72% (26/36) exceeding IPC limits. Presence of a brass component in a water system increased expected lead concentrations in drinking-water samples by 3.8 times. Overall, lead exceeded World Health Organization (WHO) guideline values in 9% (24/261) of drinking-water samples across countries; these results are broadly comparable to results observed in many HICs. Results did not vary significantly by geography or system type. DISCUSSION: Ensuring use of lead-free (
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