ArticlePediatric cardiology2021
Height Versus Body Surface Area to Normalize Cardiovascular Measurements in Children Using the Pediatric Heart Network Echocardiographic Z-Score Database.
Article in Pediatric cardiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Z-Score Calculators for Cross Sectional Area to Height Ratio of the Aortic Root and Ascending Aorta in Healthy Children.Pediatric cardiology · 2026Article
- Pediatric Echocardiographic Nomograms: Twenty Years of Advances-Do We Now Have a Complete and Reliable Tool, or Are Gaps Still Present? An Up-to-Date Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Atrioventricular Area Difference Aids Diastolic Filling in Patients with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot.Pediatric cardiology · 2025Article
- Left Ventricular Diastolic Function in Children with Atrial Septal Defects Improves After Closure by Means of Increased Hydraulic Force.Pediatric cardiology · 2025Article
- Research on Storage Grain Temperature Prediction Method Based on FTA-CNN-SE-LSTM with Dual-Domain Data Augmentation and Deep Learning.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Impact of Obesity on Ventriculo-Arterial Interaction in Patients After Coarctation of Aorta repair.Pediatric cardiology · 2024Article
- Relationship of Left Ventricular Mass to Lean Body Mass in the Obese Pediatric Population.Pediatric cardiology · 2024Article
- Atrial septal defect closure in children at young age is beneficial for left ventricular function.European heart journal. Imaging methods and practice · 2024Article
- The microbiome is dispensable for normal respiratory function and chemoreflexes in mice.Frontiers in physiology · 2024Article
- Computed tomography for aortic assessment in children.Pediatric radiology · 2022Review
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Authors and funding
26 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Normalizing cardiovascular measurements for body size allows for comparison among children of different ages and for distinguishing pathologic changes from normal physiologic growth. Because of growing interest to use height for normalization, the aim of this study was to develop height-based normalization models and compare them to body surface area (BSA)-based normalization for aortic and left ventricular (LV) measurements. The study population consisted of healthy, non-obese children between 2 and 18 years of age enrolled in the Pediatric Heart Network Echo Z-Score Project. The echocardiographic study parameters included proximal aortic diameters at 3 locations, LV end-diastolic volume, and LV mass. Using the statistical methodology described in the original project, Z-scores based on height and BSA were determined for the study parameters and tested for any clinically significant relationships with age, sex, race, ethnicity, and body mass index (BMI). Normalization models based on height versus BSA were compared among underweight, normal weight, and overweight (but not obese) children in the study population. Z-scores based on height and BSA were calculated for the 5 study parameters and revealed no clinically significant relationships with age, sex, race, and ethnicity. Normalization based on height resulted in lower Z-scores in the underweight group compared to the overweight group, whereas normalization based on BSA resulted in higher Z-scores in the underweight group compared to the overweight group. In other words, increasing BMI had an opposite effect on height-based Z-scores compared to BSA-based Z-scores. Allometric normalization based on height and BSA for aortic and LV sizes is feasible. However, height-based normalization results in higher cardiovascular Z-scores in heavier children, and BSA-based normalization results in higher cardiovascular Z-scores in lighter children. Further studies are needed to assess the performance of these approaches in obese children with or without cardiac disease.
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