Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33875869›Full record

ArticleNature nanotechnology2021

Electrical tuning of phase-change antennas and metasurfaces.

Yifei Wang, Patrick Landreman, David Schoen, Kye Okabe, Ann Marshall, Umberto Celano, H-S Philip Wong, Junghyun Park, Mark L Brongersma

Abstract read
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature nanotechnology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
84citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

84 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. High-Endurance, Low-Loss SbACS photonics · 2026
    Article
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Pixelated electrically driven SbNature communications · 2026
    Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. GeAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025
    Article
  20. Article

24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Yifei WangGeballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Patrick LandremanGeballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
David SchoenGeballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Kye OkabeDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Ann MarshallGeballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Umberto CelanoGeballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2856-3847
H-S Philip WongDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Junghyun ParkSamsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, South Korea.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3537-6863
Mark L BrongersmaGeballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. brongersma@stanford.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1777-8970

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The success of semiconductor electronics is built on the creation of compact, low-power switching elements that offer routing, logic and memory functions. The availability of nanoscale optical switches could have a similarly transformative impact on the development of dynamic and programmable metasurfaces, optical neural networks and quantum information processing. Phase-change materials are uniquely suited to enable their creation as they offer high-speed electrical switching between amorphous and crystalline states with notably different optical properties. Their high refractive index has already been harnessed to fashion them into compact optical antennas. Here, we take the next important step, by showing electrically-switchable phase-change antennas and metasurfaces that offer strong, reversible, non-volatile, multi-phase switching and spectral tuning of light scattering in the visible and near-infrared spectral ranges. Their successful implementation relies on a careful joint thermal and optical optimization of the antenna elements that comprise a silver strip that simultaneously serves as a plasmonic resonator and a miniature heating stage. Our metasurface affords electrical modulation of the reflectance by more than fourfold at 755 nm.

Identifiers

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.