ReviewNature reviews. Endocrinology2021
Endocrine toxicities of immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Review in Nature reviews. Endocrinology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 286 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
286 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 378 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Islet function impairment outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- The efficacy and safety of disitamab vedotin plus immunotherapy in locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- A network meta-analysis of endocrine adverse events induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors in colorectal cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors-induced pancreatitis: a systematic review and real-world pharmacovigilance analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- The risk of endocrine immune-related adverse events induced by PD-1 inhibitors in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Pooled it
- Real world incidence, predictors and outcomes of endocrine immune-related adverse events following immune checkpoint inhibitors.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Functional pituitary adenoma imaging.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- Immune checkpoints and immunoregulation in metabolic diseases and cancers: pathological mechanisms and therapeutic potential.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Mining safety signals of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-related adrenal insufficiency: a study based on the FAERS database.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Article
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated severe hyponatremia: evidence mapping of SIADH-like phenotypes and endocrine immune-related adverse events.Endocrine connections · 2026Article
- Hyperglycemia during ICI Therapy: etiology, risk factors, and survival outcome.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Article
- Metabolic adaptations of the tumor macroenvironment and their role in cancer progression and survivorship.Genes & development · 2026Review
- Thyroid function and ultrasound surveillance in childhood cancer survivors (CCS): a position paper of the Italian Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology (ISPED).Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Review
- Baseline TSH within reference range and incident thyroid dysfunction in cancer patients: a retrospective cohort study.Hormones (Athens, Greece) · 2026Article
- ANKRD49 promotes immune evasion in lung adenocarcinoma by activating the MEF2A/PD‑L1 axis.Biology direct · 2026Article
- Article
- PD-1 inhibitors combined with tyrosine kinase inhibitor-associated hypothyroidism is a predictive factor for antitumor effectiveness in male patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.Oncology letters · 2026Article
- Article
- Severe autoimmunity after checkpoint inhibitor therapy in a patient with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1.JCEM case reports · 2026Article
226 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are monoclonal antibodies that target two key signalling pathways related to T cell activation and exhaustion, by binding to and inhibiting cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) or PD1 and its ligand PDL1. ICIs, such as nivolumab, pembrolizumab and ipilimumab, are approved for the treatment of numerous and diverse cancer types, in various combination regimens, and are now an established cornerstone of cancer therapeutics. Toxicities induced by ICIs are autoimmune in nature and are referred to as immune-related adverse events (irAEs); these events can affect any organ system in an unpredictable fashion. Importantly, irAEs can manifest as endocrinopathies involving the thyroid (hypothyroidism or thyrotoxicosis), pituitary (hypophysitis), adrenal glands (adrenal insufficiency) and pancreas (diabetes mellitus). These events are a frequent source of acute and persistent morbidity in patients treated with ICIs and can even be fatal. Over the past few years, there has been a growing understanding of the underlying pathogenesis of irAEs that has led to the development of more effective management strategies. Herein, we review the current understanding of the pathobiology, clinical manifestations and treatment approaches to endocrine toxicities arising from ICIs.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.