ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2021
Human retroviral antisense mRNAs are retained in the nuclei of infected cells for viral persistence.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- HTLV-1 subverts the innate immune effector gene IRF7 by viral HBZ protein for oncogenesis.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Viral-driven oncogenesis in T/NK-cell lymphomas: parallels and divergences between HTLV-1 and EBV.International journal of hematology · 2026Review
- Observational
- Strand-specific detection of cell-associated sense and antisense HIV-1 RNAs in splenocytes and PBMC from PLWH.Retrovirology · 2025Article
- Article
- In vivo detection of antisense HIV-1 transcripts in untreated and ART-treated individuals.Life science alliance · 2025Article
- Splicing-dependent restriction of the HBZ gene by Tax underlies biphasic HTLV-1 infection.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Suppression of HIV-1 transcription and latency reversal via ectopic expression of the viral antisense transcript AST.Science advances · 2025Article
- Rho-GTPases subfamily: cellular defectors orchestrating viral infection.Cellular & molecular biology letters · 2025Review
- Identification of AK4 and RHOC as potential oncogenes addicted by adult T cell leukemia.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Review
- MicroRNAs and long non-coding RNAs during transcriptional regulation and latency of HIV and HTLV.Retrovirology · 2024Review
- Purification Method of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1-Infected Cells without Virions.Viruses · 2024Article
- HTLV-1 bZIP Factor-Induced Reprogramming of Lactate Metabolism and Epigenetic Status Promote Leukemic Cell Expansion.Blood cancer discovery · 2023Article
- HTLV-1 Hbz protein, but not hbz mRNA secondary structure, is critical for viral persistence and disease development.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Origin and functional role of antisense transcription in endogenous and exogenous retroviruses.Retrovirology · 2023Review
- Aid or Antagonize: Nuclear Long Noncoding RNAs Regulate Host Responses and Outcomes of Viral Infections.Cells · 2023Review
- HBZ upregulates myoferlin expression to facilitate HTLV-1 infection.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Recent insights into the functions and mechanisms of antisense RNA: emerging applications in cancer therapy and precision medicine.Frontiers in chemistry · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Human retroviruses, including human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HIV type 1 (HIV-1), encode an antisense gene in the negative strand of the provirus. Besides coding for proteins, the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of retroviral antisense genes have also been found to regulate transcription directly. Thus, it has been proposed that retroviruses likely localize their antisense mRNAs to the nucleus in order to regulate nuclear events; however, this opposes the coding function of retroviral antisense mRNAs that requires a cytoplasmic localization for protein translation. Here, we provide direct evidence that retroviral antisense mRNAs are localized predominantly in the nuclei of infected cells. The retroviral 3' LTR induces inefficient polyadenylation and nuclear retention of antisense mRNA. We further reveal that retroviral antisense RNAs retained in the nucleus associate with chromatin and have transcriptional regulatory function. While HTLV-1 antisense mRNA is recruited to the promoter of C-C chemokine receptor type 4 (
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