Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33874939›Full record

SynthesisBMC psychiatry2021

A systematic review of the latent structure of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) amongst adolescents.

Joanna M Blodgett, Chantelle C Lachance, Brendon Stubbs, Melissa Co, Yu-Tzu Wu, Matthew Prina, Vivian W L Tsang, Theodore D Cosco

Abstract readSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in BMC psychiatry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
32citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Trial
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Observational
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Joanna M BlodgettMRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK.
Chantelle C LachanceIndependent Researcher, Toronto, Canada.
Brendon StubbsKing's College London, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.
Melissa CoKing's College London, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.
Yu-Tzu WuKing's College London, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.
Matthew PrinaKing's College London, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.
Vivian W L TsangFaculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
Theodore D CoscoOxford Institute of Population Ageing, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. theodore_cosco@sfu.ca.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a commonly used psychometric scale of depression. A four-factor structure (depressed affect, positive affect, somatic symptoms, and interpersonal difficulties) was initially identified in an American sample aged 18 to 65. Despite emerging evidence, a latent structure has not been established in adolescents. This review aimed to investigate the factor structure of the CES-D in adolescents.

methodsWe searched Web of Science, PsychINFO and Scopus and included peer-reviewed, original studies assessing the factor structure of the 20-item CES-D in adolescents aged ≤18. Two independent researchers screened results and extracted data.

resultsThirteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were primarily from school-based samples in the USA or Asia. Studies that conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; n = 9) reported a four-factor structure consistent with the original factor structure; these studies were primarily USA-based. Conversely, studies that conducted exploratory factor analysis (EFA) reported distinct two or three factor structures (n = 4) and were primarily based in Asia. LIMITATIONS: Studies in a non-English language and those that included individuals aged > 18 years were excluded. Ethnic or cultural differences as well as different analytical methods impacted generalisability of results. The use of CFA as the primary analysis may have biased towards a four-factor structure.

conclusionsA four-factor CES-D structure was an appropriate fit for adolescents in Western countries; further research is required to determine the fit in in Asian countries. This has important implications for clinical use of the scale. Future research should consider how cultural differences shape the experience of depression in adolescents.

Indexed as

DepressionEthnicityAdolescentAdultAgedAsiaEpidemiologic StudiesFactor Analysis, StatisticalHumansMiddle AgedPsychiatric Status Rating ScalesPsychometricsReproducibility of ResultsYoung AdultAdolescentsCenter for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression ScaleDepressionFactor structurePsychometric

Identifiers

PMID33874939
PMCPMC8054366

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.