ArticleJournal of neurodevelopmental disorders2021
Capturing cognitive and behavioral variability among individuals with Down syndrome: a latent profile analysis.
Article in Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Cognitive Predictors of Adaptive Behaviour in Children With Down Syndrome: A Systematic Review.Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities : JARID · 2026Pooled it
- Trial
- Relationship Between Intellectual Disability and Behavioral Comorbidity in Children With Fragile X Syndrome.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Article
- Psychosocial Difficulties Profiles Among Youth with Intellectual Disabilities.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Article
- Modeling the Latent Factor Structure of the "EXcEEDS" (EXecutive function Early Evaluation in Down Syndrome) Battery.American journal on intellectual and developmental disabilities · 2025Article
- Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia and Alzheimer's disease progression in Down syndrome.Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2025Article
- Concurrent validity in language and motor domains on the Vineland-3 and Mullen Scales of Early Learning in young children with Down syndrome.Research in developmental disabilities · 2025Article
- Examining the Relation Between Sleep Problems and Behavioural Challenges in Youth With Down Syndrome.Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR · 2025Article
- Analysis of genotype effects and inter-individual variability in iPSC-derived trisomy 21 neural progenitor cells.Human molecular genetics · 2025Article
- Cerebral/Cortical visual impairment (CVI) in Down syndrome: a case series.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2025Article
- Consequences of trisomy 21 for brain development in Down syndrome.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2024Review
- Laboratory-based measures of executive function and daily living skills in young children with Down syndrome: informing future interventions.Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR · 2024Article
- Latent Class Analysis Identifies Distinctive Behavioral Subtypes in Children with Fragile X Syndrome.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2024Article
- Unraveling Down Syndrome: From Genetic Anomaly to Artificial Intelligence-Enhanced Diagnosis.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- The Perfect Match! A Review and Tutorial on Issues Related to Matching Groups in Investigations of Children with Neurodevelopmental Conditions.Brain sciences · 2023Review
- Using the Social Skills Improvement System (SSiS) Rating Scales to assess social skills in youth with Down syndrome.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Perspectives on adaptive functioning and intellectual functioning measures for intellectual disabilities behavioral research.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Distinct neuroanatomical and neuropsychological features of Down syndrome compared to related neurodevelopmental disorders: a systematic review.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Article
- Mental State Language Development in Children With Down Syndrome Versus Typical Development.American journal on intellectual and developmental disabilities · 2022Article
- Profiles of Caregiver-Reported Executive Function in Children with Down Syndrome.Brain sciences · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThere is a high degree of inter- and intra-individual variability observed within the phenotype of Down syndrome. The Down Syndrome Cognition Project was formed to capture this variability by developing a large nationwide database of cognitive, behavioral, health, and genetic information on individuals with Down syndrome, ages 6-25 years. The current study used the Down Syndrome Cognition Project database to characterize cognitive and behavioral variability among individuals with Down syndrome.
methodsLatent profile analysis was used to identify classes across a sample of 314 participants based on their cognition (IQ and executive functioning), adaptive and maladaptive behavior, and autism spectrum disorder symptomatology. A multivariate multinomial regression model simultaneously examined demographic correlates of class.
resultsResults supported a 3-class model. Each class demonstrated a unique profile across the subdomains of cognition and behavior. The "normative" class was the largest (n = 153, 48%) and displayed a relatively consistent profile of cognition and adaptive behavior, with low rates of maladaptive behavior and autism symptomatology. The "cognitive" class (n = 109, 35%) displayed low cognitive scores and adaptive behavior and more autism symptomatology, but with low rates of maladaptive behavior. The "behavioral" class, the smallest group (n = 52, 17%), demonstrated higher rates of maladaptive behavior and autism symptomatology, but with cognition levels similar to the "normative" class; their adaptive behavior scores fell in between the other two classes. Household income and sex were the only demographic variables to differ among classes.
conclusionsThese findings highlight the importance of subtyping the cognitive and behavioral phenotype among individuals with Down syndrome to identify more homogeneous classes for future intervention and etiologic studies. Results also demonstrate the feasibility of using latent profile analysis to distinguish subtypes in this population. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
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