ArticleEnvironmental research2021
Simple quantitative assessment of the outdoor versus indoor airborne transmission of viruses and COVID-19.
Article in Environmental research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A review of strategies and their effectiveness in reducing indoor airborne transmission and improving indoor air quality.Environmental research · 2022Pooled it
- High-resolution contact data and infectious disease absenteeism in kindergarten populations.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Children's Birthday Gatherings and SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Grandparents.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Estimating the effect of self-protection on transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in Germany in 2021: a modelling study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Indoor bioaerosols and asthma: Overview, implications, and mitigation strategies.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2025Review
- Review
- New York State Climate Impacts Assessment Chapter 07: Human Health and Safety.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2024Review
- SARS-CoV-2 RNA Presence in Outdoor Air of Public Spaces in Valladolid During Winter, 2021.Food and environmental virology · 2024Article
- An Easy-to-Use Tool to Predict SARS-CoV-2 Risk of Infection in Closed Settings: Validation with the Use of an Individual-Based Monte Carlo Simulation.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Human mobility data demonstrates increase in park visitation since start of COVID-19 pandemic in Buffalo, New York.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
- Behavioral and Personal Characteristics Associated With Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Spanish University Cohort.American journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
- Describing Supportive Care Programming Access and Comfort Gathering through the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Observational Mixed Methods Study with Adults Affected by Cancer.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2023Observational
- Policies on children and schools during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Western Europe.Frontiers in public health · 2023Review
- Sports activity limitation during the COVID-19 pandemic in young Italian athletes: impact on mental health in children, adolescents, and young adults.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Reducing Virus Transmission from Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Systems of Urban Subways.Toxics · 2022Article
- A multi-layered strategy for COVID-19 infection prophylaxis in schools: A review of the evidence for masks, distancing, and ventilation.Indoor air · 2022Review
- Monogamy as protection against COVID-19?: Non-monogamy stigma and risk (Mis)perception.Analyses of social issues and public policy : ASAP · 2022Article
- Nature's contributions in coping with a pandemic in the 21st century: A narrative review of evidence during COVID-19.The Science of the total environment · 2022Review
- Increased airborne transmission of COVID-19 with new variants, implications for health policies.Building and environment · 2022Article
- The Built Environment Assessment of Residential Areas in Wuhan during the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In this paper we develop a simple model of the inhaled flow rate of aerosol particles of respiratory origin i.e. that have been exhaled by other people. A connection is made between the exposure dose and the probability of developing an airborne disease. This allows a simple assessment of the outdoor versus indoor risk of contamination to be made in a variety of meteorological situations. It is shown quantitatively that for most cases, the outdoor risk is orders of magnitude less than the indoor risk and that it can become comparable only for extremely specific meteorological and topographical situations. It sheds light on various observations of COVID-19 spreading in mountain valleys with temperature inversions while at the same time other areas are much less impacted.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.