ArticleThe American journal of clinical nutrition2021
Pathways to "5-a-day": modeling the health impacts and environmental footprints of meeting the target for fruit and vegetable intake in the United Kingdom.
Article in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Sustainable diets reduce diet-related greenhouse gas emissions and improve diet quality: results from the MyPlanetDiet randomized controlled trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Trial
- Health co-benefits of sustainable dietary transitions to reduced red and processed meat intake in the United Kingdom: a modelling study.European journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Uncovering intersectional inequalities in fruit and vegetable consumption in the UK using Understanding Society data.Public health nutrition · 2026Article
- Are European diets healthy and sustainable? Evidence from nine countries using the planetary health diet framework.European journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Social Interactions for Sustainable Food Choices: Meeting the Target for Meat Intake in the United Kingdom.Current developments in nutrition · 2025Article
- Biodiversity pressure from fruit and vegetable consumption in the United Kingdom, India and South Africa varies by product and growing location.Nature food · 2025Article
- Population health impacts from the taxation of salt and sugar in the United Kingdom.Public health nutrition · 2025Article
- Developing and testing personalised nutrition feedback for more sustainable healthy diets: the MyPlanetDiet randomised controlled trial protocol.European journal of nutrition · 2024Article
- Partial substitutions of animal with plant protein foods in Canadian diets have synergies and trade-offs among nutrition, health and climate outcomes.Nature food · 2024Article
- Impact on mortality of pathways to net zero greenhouse gas emissions in England and Wales: a multisectoral modelling study.The Lancet. Planetary health · 2023Article
- Diets with Higher Vegetable Intake and Lower Environmental Impact: Evidence from a Large Australian Population Health Survey.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Potential for positive biodiversity outcomes under diet-driven land use change in Great Britain.Wellcome open research · 2022Article
- Pesticide Toxicity Footprints of Australian Dietary Choices.Nutrients · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFruit and vegetable consumption in the United Kingdom is currently well below recommended levels, with a significant associated public health burden. The United Kingdom has committed to reducing its carbon emissions to net zero by 2050, and this transition will require shifts towards plant-based diets.
objectiveThe aim was to quantify the health effects, environmental footprints, and cost associated with 4 different pathways to meeting the United Kingdom's "5-a-day" recommendation for fruit and vegetable consumption.
methodsDietary data based on 18,006 food diaries from 4528 individuals participating in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2012/13-2016/17) constituted the baseline diet. Linear programming was used to model the hypothetical adoption of the 5-a-day (400 g) recommendation, which was assessed according to 4 pathways differing in their prioritization of fruits versus vegetables and UK-produced versus imported varieties. Increases in fruit and vegetable consumption were substituted for consumption of sweet snacks and meat, respectively. Changes in life expectancy were assessed using the IOMLIFET life table model. Greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs), blue water footprint (WF), and total diet cost were quantified for each 5-a-day diet.
resultsAchieving the 5-a-day target in the United Kingdom could increase average life expectancy at birth by 7-8 mo and reduce diet-related GHGEs by 6.1 to 12.2 Mt carbon dioxide equivalents/y; blue WFs would change by -0.14 to +0.07 km3/y. Greater reductions in GHGEs were achieved by prioritizing increased vegetable consumption over fruit, whereas the greatest reduction in WF was obtained by prioritizing vegetable varieties produced in the United Kingdom. All consumption pathways increased diet cost (£0.34-£0.46/d).
conclusionsBenefits to both population and environmental health could be expected from consumption pathways that meet the United Kingdom's 5-a-day target for fruit and vegetables. Our analysis identifies cross-sectoral trade-offs and opportunities for national policy to promote fruit and vegetable consumption in the United Kingdom.
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