Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33869164›Full record

ArticleOcular oncology and pathology2021

Clinical and Pathologic Presentation of Primary Ocular Surface Tumors among Zambians.

Peter Julius, Stepfanie N Siyumbwa, Phyllis Moonga, Fred Maate, Trevor Kaile, Guobin Kang, John T West, Charles Wood, Peter C Angeletti

Open access · hybridAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Ocular oncology and pathology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
15citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
2.6field-weighted citation impact, top 11% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

15 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  9. Infectious etiologies of conjunctival tumors.Expert review of ophthalmology · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.

Peter JuliusDepartment of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia.
Stepfanie N SiyumbwaDepartment of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia.
Phyllis MoongaUniversity Teaching Hospital, Eye Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.
Fred MaateDepartment of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia.
Trevor KaileDepartment of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia.
Guobin KangNebraska Center for Virology and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
John T WestNebraska Center for Virology and the Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
Charles WoodNebraska Center for Virology and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
Peter C AngelettiNebraska Center for Virology and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
University of Nebraska–Lincoln · USUniversity of Zambia · ZMUniversity Teaching Hospital · ZM

Funding

Zambia AIDS Malignancies Diagnosis and Pathogenesis Program SupplementU54CA221204 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA LINCOLN · PI WOOD, CHARLES · 2017 to 2022
$3.8M
AIDS Malignancies Training and Research International Program (AMTRIP)D43TW010354 · FIC · UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA LINCOLN · PI Chipepo Kankasa, Charles Wood · 2016 to 2026
$2.8M
FIC NIH HHS D43 TW010354NCI NIH HHS U54 CA221204
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimThis study aimed to characterize the clinical and pathologic presentation of ocular surface tumors (OSTs) and to more precisely differentiate the grades of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) and benign lesions among Zambians.

methodsTwo-hundred sixty-five Zambian patients presenting with ocular surface growths, suspicious for OSSN, were recruited between November 2017 and November 2019 to a cross-sectional study to investigate their lesions. Sociodemographic data were collected, HIV infection status and vision tests were performed, and lesions were measured and documented. Lesions >2 mm in diameter were excised and sent for pathology analysis. In addition to the biopsies, tears, blood, and buccal swabs were collected. CD4+ T-cell counts were measured by flow cytometry. Lesions were classified according to the WHO guidelines. χ

resultsIn this study, 68.3% of the participants were found to be HIV positive. The most frequent diagnoses were invasive OSSN (45.3%), preinvasive OSSN (29.1%), and pterygium (22.6%). Invasive OSSN comprised keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (87.5%), basaloid SCC (3.3%), and spindle cell carcinoma (3.3%). Unusual carcinomas, not described previously, included hybrid SCC (5.0%) and acantholytic SCC (0.8%). Invasive OSSN had advanced tumor (T3/T4) staging (93.3%) at diagnosis. Lymphadenopathy was rare (2.3%), and metastasis was absent. Patients were mostly female (59.2%). Median age was 36 (interquartile ranges 33-41) years (ranges 18-81). Patients with invasive OSSN were more likely to present with pain (

conclusionOSTs are very common in Zambia and are strongly associated with HIV coinfection. Patients with OSSN were more likely to be HIV positive than those with pterygia. Despite the commonality of OSTs in sub-Saharan Africa, these cancers have historically been poorly characterized.

Indexed as

ConjunctivaCorneaOcular surface squamous neoplasiaOcular surface tumorsSquamous cell carcinoma

Identifiers

PMID33869164
PMCPMC8024974
OpenAlexW3123620182

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.