ReviewPulmonology
The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 immunopathology - Current perspectives.
Review in Pulmonology. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 119 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
119 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 213 citations in OpenAlex.
- Acquired Hemophilia A after SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Case Report and an Updated Systematic Review.Biomedicines · 2023Pooled it
- Safety, Tolerability, Bioavailability, and Biological Activity of Inhaled Interferon-α2b in Healthy Adults: The INClinical drug investigation · 2023Trial
- Recombinant C1 inhibitor in the prevention of severe COVID-19: a randomized, open-label, multi-center phase IIa trial.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Trial
- InflawellInflammopharmacology · 2022Trial
- High association of COVID-19 severity with poor gut health score in Lebanese patients.PloS one · 2021Trial
- Neurodegenerative and Cognitive Consequences of Long COVID.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Exploring possible mechanisms of antiviral effect of Shufeng Jiedu Capsule on viral pneumonia: A comprehensive analysis.Chinese herbal medicines · 2026Article
- Persistent lung and vascular inflammation in mild to moderate COVID-19 survivors detected by ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT: A quantitative imaging study with implications for cardiovascular risk.European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2026Article
- COVID-19 Prophylactic Effect of Bromhexine Hydrochloride.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Article
- Association of human leukocyte antigen B genotypes with COVID-19 severity in Egyptian patients.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Inhalation & intravenous: umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes therapy strategy for acute respiratory distress syndrome in a murine model.Journal of thoracic disease · 2025Article
- Long-term effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination in preventing hospitalization among household contacts: A case-control study from December 2021 to April 2023.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Cross-reactivity IgG, viral load, severity and vaccination outcome as an approach for understanding humoral immune response against SARS-CoV-2.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Bronchiectasis, Low IgG Levels and Lack of Vaccination are Risk Factors for Covid-19 Hospitalization in X-linked Agammaglobulinemia - A Retrospective Multicenter Study.Journal of clinical immunology · 2025Article
- Association between enteral essential fatty acids and plasma phospholipid essential fatty acids related immune response in critically ill adults with COVID-19: A prospective cohort study.JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition · 2025Article
- Review
- Long COVID syndrome: exploring therapies for managing and overcoming persistent symptoms.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Review
- Immunomodulatory Mechanisms Underlying Neurological Manifestations in Long COVID: Implications for Immune-Mediated Neurodegeneration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Natural killer cell dysfunction is associated with colorectal cancer with severe COVID-19.World journal of gastrointestinal oncology · 2025Article
- Aging-associated changes in immunological parameters: Implications for COVID-19 immune response in the elderly.Physiological reports · 2025Review
59 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a new beta coronavirus, similar to SARS-CoV-1, that emerged at the end of 2019 in the Hubei province of China. It is responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. The ability to gain quick control of the pandemic has been hampered by a lack of detailed knowledge about SARS-CoV-2-host interactions, mainly in relation to viral biology and host immune response. The rapid clinical course seen in COVID-19 indicates that infection control in asymptomatic patients or patients with mild disease is probably due to the innate immune response, as, considering that SARS-CoV-2 is new to humans, an effective adaptive response would not be expected to occur until approximately 2-3 weeks after contact with the virus. Antiviral innate immunity has humoral components (complement and coagulation-fibrinolysis systems, soluble proteins that recognize glycans on cell surface, interferons, chemokines, and naturally occurring antibodies) and cellular components (natural killer cells and other innate lymphocytes). Failure of this system would pave the way for uncontrolled viral replication in the airways and the mounting of an adaptive immune response, potentially amplified by an inflammatory cascade. Severe COVID-19 appears to be due not only to viral infection but also to a dysregulated immune and inflammatory response. In this paper, the authors review the most recent publications on the immunobiology of SARS-CoV-2, virus interactions with target cells, and host immune responses, and highlight possible associations between deficient innate and acquired immune responses and disease progression and mortality. Immunotherapeutic strategies targeting both the virus and dysfunctional immune responses are also addressed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.