Observational studyEnvironmental research2021
Thirdhand smoke associations with the gut microbiomes of infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit: An observational study.
Observational study in Environmental research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- When 'vape-free' should mean 'smoke-free': third-hand e-cigarette residues and the developing lung.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Sex-specific modulation of lung function and transcriptome in neonate mice exposed to thirdhand electronic-cigarette aerosols.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Distinct early gut microbiota patterns by delivery mode within 100 hours of birth.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2026Article
- Thirdhand Smoke and Neonatal/Pediatric Health: A Scoping Review on Nursing Implications.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Smoking-induced microbial dysbiosis: a key driver of systemic diseases and emerging therapeutic opportunities.Cell death discovery · 2025Review
- Association between tobacco smoke exposure and constipation among American adults: a National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Perinatal Exposure to Tobacco Smoke and Its Association with the Maternal and Offspring Microbiome: A Systematic Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Electroacupuncture may protect pulmonary dysplasia in offspring with perinatal nicotine exposure by altering maternal gut microbiota and metabolites.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Gastrointestinal Problems Among US Children.Clinical pediatrics · 2023Article
- Scarring the early-life microbiome: its potential life-long effects on human health and diseases.BMB reports · 2023Review
- Cross-talks between gut microbiota and tobacco smoking: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.BMC medicine · 2023Article
- Airway Bacterial Biodiversity in Exhaled Breath Condensates of Asthmatic Children-Does It Differ from the Healthy Ones?Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Development of a Smoke-Free Home Intervention for Families of Babies Admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
introductionMicrobiome differences have been found in adults who smoke cigarettes compared to non-smoking adults, but the impact of thirdhand smoke (THS; post-combustion tobacco residue) on hospitalized infants' rapidly developing gut microbiomes is unexplored. Our aim was to explore gut microbiome differences in infants admitted to a neonatal ICU (NICU) with varying THS-related exposure.
methodsForty-three mother-infant dyads (household member[s] smoke cigarettes, n = 32; no household smoking, n = 11) consented to a carbon monoxide-breath sample, bedside furniture nicotine wipes, infant-urine samples (for cotinine [nicotine's primary metabolite] assays), and stool collection (for 16S rRNA V4 gene sequencing). Negative binomial regression modeled relative abundances of 8 bacterial genera with THS exposure-related variables (i.e., household cigarette use, surface nicotine, and infant urine cotinine), controlling for gestational age, postnatal age, antibiotic use, and breastmilk feeding. Microbiome-diversity outcomes were modeled similarly. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) ≥75.0% were considered meaningful.
resultsA majority of infants (78%) were born pre-term. Infants from non-smoking homes and/or with lower NICU-furniture surface nicotine had greater microbiome alpha-diversity compared to infants from smoking households (PP ≥ 75.0%). Associations (with PP ≥ 75.0%) of selected bacterial genera with urine cotinine, surface nicotine, and/or household cigarette use were evidenced for 7 (of 8) modeled genera. For example, lower Bifidobacterium relative abundance associated with greater furniture nicotine (IRR<0.01 [<0.01, 64.02]; PP = 87.1%), urine cotinine (IRR = 0.08 [<0.01,2.84]; PP = 86.9%), and household smoking (IRR<0.01 [<0.01, 7.38]; PP = 96.0%; FDR p < 0.05).
conclusionsTHS-related exposure was associated with microbiome differences in NICU-admitted infants. Additional research on effects of tobacco-related exposures on healthy infant gut-microbiome development is warranted.
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