Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33864891›Full record

ArticleThe Journal of hospital infection2021

An automated room disinfection system using ozone is highly active against surrogates for SARS-CoV-2.

G Franke, B Knobling, F H Brill, B Becker, E M Klupp, C Belmar Campos, S Pfefferle, M Lütgehetmann, J K Knobloch

Open access · hybridAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in The Journal of hospital infection, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
21citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
5.6field-weighted citation impact, top 3% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

21 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Disinfection methods against SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review.The Journal of hospital infection · 2022
    Pooled it
  3. Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz · 2026
    Article
  4. Advances in Ozone-Based Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2: An Updated Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026
    Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. An Assessment of Germicidal Ultraviolet Treatment Cabinets and Carousels Using a Bacteriophage Surface Challenge.Applied biosafety : journal of the American Biological Safety Association · 2023
    Article
  11. Article
  12. Review
  13. Ozone application in different industries: A review of recent developments.Chemical engineering journal (Lausanne, Switzerland : 1996) · 2023
    Review
  14. Infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 on Inanimate Surfaces: Don't Trust Ct Value.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022
    Article
  15. Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz · 2022
    Article
  16. Ozone Eliminates SARS-CoV-2 from Difficult-to-Clean Office Supplies and Clinical Equipment.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022
    Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

G FrankeInstitute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
B KnoblingInstitute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
F H BrillDr. Brill + Partner GmbH Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Bremen, Germany.
B BeckerDr. Brill + Partner GmbH Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Bremen, Germany.
E M KluppInstitute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
C Belmar CamposInstitute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
S PfefferleInstitute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
M LütgehetmannInstitute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
J K KnoblochInstitute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. Electronic address: j.knobloch@uke.de.
University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf · DEDr. Brill + Dr. Steinmann (Germany) · DEUniversität Hamburg · DE

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe presence of coronaviruses on surfaces in the patient environment is a potential source of indirect transmission. Manual cleaning and disinfection measures do not always achieve sufficient removal of surface contamination. This increases the importance of automated solutions in the context of final disinfection of rooms in the hospital setting. Ozone is a highly effective disinfectant which, combined with high humidity, is an effective agent against respiratory viruses. Current devices allow continuous nebulization for high room humidity as well as ozone production without any consumables.

aimIn the following study, the effectiveness of a fully automatic room decontamination system based on ozone was tested against bacteriophage Φ6 (phi 6) and bovine coronavirus L9, as surrogate viruses for the pandemic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.

methodsFor this purpose, various surfaces (ceramic tile, stainless steel surface and furniture board) were soiled with the surrogate viruses and placed at two different levels in a gas-tight test room. After using the automatic decontamination device according to the manufacturer's instructions, the surrogate viruses were recovered from the surfaces and examined by quantitative cultures. Then, reduction factors were calculated.

findingsThe ozone-based room decontamination device achieved virucidal efficacy (reduction factor >4 log

conclusionOzone is highly active against SARS-CoV-2 surrogate organisms. Further investigations are necessary for a safe application and efficacy in practice as well as integration into routine processes.

Indexed as

AnimalsAutomationBacteriophagesCattleCoronavirus, BovineCOVID-19Cross InfectionDecontaminationDisinfectantsDisinfectionEquipment and Supplies, HospitalHospitalsHumansOzoneSARS-CoV-2DisinfectantsOzoneAutomated room disinfectionBacteriophage Phi 6Bovine coronavirusOzoneSARS-CoV-2Surrogate virus

Identifiers

PMID33864891
PMCPMC8046700
OpenAlexW3152735788

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.