ArticleScientific reports2021
Resonance frequency is not always stable over time and could be related to the inter-beat interval.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The effects of heart rate variability biofeedback on functional gastrointestinal disorders: a scoping review.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Pooled it
- Methods for Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback (HRVB): A Systematic Review and Guidelines.Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback · 2023Pooled it
- Resonance frequency versus fixed 0.1 Hz breathing in HRV biofeedback: a four-week randomized comparison.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Neurofeedback, Biofeedback, and Basic Learning Theory: Revisiting the 2011 Conceptual Framework.Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback · 2026Review
- Autonomic Non-Responsiveness in HRV Biofeedback: A Narrative Conceptual Review and Future Directions for AI-Guided Closed-Loop Adaptive Systems.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Breathwork for Chronic Stress and Mental Health: Does Choosing a Specific Technique Matter?Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Brain activation and heart rate variability as markers of autonomic function under stress.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Implementation of Wearable Technology for Remote Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback in Cardiac Rehabilitation.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Heart rate variability biofeedback to reduce anxiety in autism spectrum disorder - a mini review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Review
- Reply to Lehrer's Letter Concerning "Incorrect conclusions in L. Capdevila et al., Resonance frequency is not always stable over time and could be related to the inter-beat interval, Scientific Reports, 11, 8400 (2021)".Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback · 2021Article
- Relevance of Objective Measures in Psychiatric Disorders-Rest-Activity Rhythm and Psychophysiological Measures.Current psychiatry reports · 2021Review
- Analysis of Gender Differences in HRV of Patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Using Mobile-Health Technology.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Effect of Various Lengths of Respiration on Heart Rate Variability during Simple Bhramari (Humming).International journal of yogaArticle
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback (HRVB) is based on breathing at an optimal rate (or resonance frequency, RF) corresponding to the respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). Our aim is to check whether the RF is a stable factor and analyse the HRV parameters individually per each breathing rate, comparing it with free slow breathing. A sample of 21 participants were trained in a test-retest HRVB protocol. The results indicated that RF changed between Test and Retest sessions in 66.7% of participants. This instability could be related to the average of interbeat interval (IBI). HRV time domain parameters (SDNN and RMSSD) were significantly higher for RF than for other breathing rates, including 6 breath/min and free slow breathing. Free slow breathing showed a lower heart rate averages than RF and other slow breathing rates. Overall, our study suggests the relevance of assessing RF individually and before each HRVB session, because the maximum cardiovascular benefits in terms of increasing HRV were found only at RF. Thus, breathing at the individualized and momentary frequency of resonance increases cardiac variability.
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Registered trials
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