ReviewBehavioural brain research2021
Safety learning during development: Implications for development of psychopathology.
Review in Behavioural brain research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06945497 (School-based Practices in Arts and Resilience for Kids), which is not on this map. Cited by 35 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
School-based Practices in Arts and Resilience for Kids (SPARK Study)
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed.
- Frontopolar multifocal transcranial direct current stimulation reduces conditioned fear reactivity during extinction training: A pilot randomized controlled trial.Neurobiology of learning and memory · 2023Trial
- Age-related differences in hippocampal network engagement during safety processing in adolescents.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2026Article
- Effects of Sex Differences on Conditioned Fear Extinction and Safety Learning in C57BL/6J Mice.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- The First Application of Trauma Event Centrality to Neurobiological Research: Assessing Cortisol Reactivity and Moderating Effects of Interpersonal Trauma.The Psychiatric quarterly · 2026Article
- Association between childhood maltreatment patterns and comorbidity of depression and anxiety in left-behind children: a latent class analysis.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Functional connectivity between the nucleus accumbens and amygdala underlies avoidance learning during adolescence: Implications for developmental psychopathology.Development and psychopathology · 2025Article
- Predictors of risk and resilience to psychopathology in refugee youth: A longitudinal study.Development and psychopathology · 2025Article
- Daily associations between peer victimization and anxious affect among adolescents: The role of social threat sensitivity.Development and psychopathology · 2025Article
- PV - Oligodendrocyte Interactions in the Infralimbic Cortex Promote Extracellular Plasticity after Safety Learning.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Leveraging biosensors in clinical and research settings: a guide to device selection.NPP - digital psychiatry and neuroscience · 2025Review
- Developmental Differences in a Hippocampal-Cingulate Pathway Involved in Learned Safety Following Interpersonal Trauma Exposure.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2025Article
- What happened matters: Trauma type and cumulative trauma exposure in refugee youth psychopathology.Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy · 2025Article
- Person-centered analyses reveal that developmental adversity at moderate levels and neural threat/safety discrimination are associated with lower anxiety in early adulthood.Communications psychology · 2025Article
- The contribution of childhood trauma to irritability symptoms.JCPP advances · 2025Article
- Economic hardship and adolescent behavioral outcomes: Within- and between-family associations.Development and psychopathology · 2025Article
- Pavlovian safety learning: An integrative theoretical review.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2025Review
- Event Segmentation Promotes the Reorganization of Emotional Memory.Journal of cognitive neuroscience · 2025Article
- Fear extinction retention in children, adolescents, and adults.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2025Article
- Increased threat learning after social isolation in human adolescents.Royal Society open science · 2024Article
- Alterations in fear learning as a mechanism linking childhood exposure to violence with PTSD symptoms: a longitudinal study.Psychological medicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Fear and safety learning are necessary adaptive behaviors that develop over the course of maturation. While there is a large body of literature regarding the neurobiology of fear and safety learning in adults, less is known regarding safety learning during development. Given developmental changes in the brain, there are corresponding changes in safety learning that are quantifiable; these may serve to predict risk and point to treatment targets for fear and anxiety-related disorders in children and adolescents. For healthy, typically developing youth, the main developmental variation observed is reduced discrimination between threat and safety cues in children compared to adolescents and adults, while lower expression of extinction learning is exhibited in adolescents compared to adults. Such distinctions may be related to faster maturation of the amygdala relative to the prefrontal cortex, as well as incompletely developed functional circuits between the two. Fear and anxiety-related disorders, childhood maltreatment, and behavioral problems are all associated with alterations in safety learning for youth, and this dysfunction may proceed into adulthood with corresponding abnormalities in brain structure and function-including amygdala hypertrophy and hyperreactivity. As impaired inhibition of fear to safety may reflect abnormalities in the developing brain and subsequent psychopathology, impaired safety learning may be considered as both a predictor of risk and a treatment target. Longitudinal neuroimaging studies over the course of development, and studies that query change with interventions are needed in order to improve outcomes for individuals and reduce long-term impact of developmental psychopathology.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.