Trial reportPloS one2021
Effects of engaging communities in decision-making and action through traditional and religious leaders on vaccination coverage in Cross River State, Nigeria: A cluster-randomised control trial.
Trial report in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Community Engagement in Vaccination Promotion: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2024Pooled it
- Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low- and middle-income countries.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Trial
- Application Strategy and Research Progress of Large-Scale Population Drug Intervention in Malaria Control.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2026Review
- Religious leaders' perspectives on childhood immunization in Bauchi State, Nigeria: A Qualitative Study.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Immunization Coverage and Associated Factors Among Children Aged 18 to 72 Months in Communities With High Malaria Transmission, Bioko Island.International journal of public health · 2026Article
- Mapping stakeholders' positioning in the access and delivery partnership value chain: the case of the RTS,S malaria vaccine introduction in Ghana.International journal of public health · 2026Article
- Review
- Increasing Birth-Dose Hepatitis B Vaccination in Nigeria: Qualitative Analysis of Data From a Crowdsourcing Open Call.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Tackling infectious disease outbreak and vaccination misinformation: a community-based strategy in Niger State, Nigeria.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Factors affecting utilization of male sexual and reproductive health services: a qualitative description of males in Anambra State, Southeast Nigeria.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Barriers and drivers to childhood vaccinations in Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals (FDMN)/Rohingya refugees in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh: a scoping review.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Preparing for future pandemics: A qualitative exploration of social media in light of the COVID-19 pandemic and vaccine hesitancy.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- The Science-spirituality Nexus: Religion and the COVID-19 vaccination campaigns in Tanzania.Journal of public health in Africa · 2025Article
- Community-based participatory research (CBPR) approaches in vaccination promotion: a scoping review.International journal for equity in health · 2024Article
- Pandemic preparedness: why humanities and social sciences matter.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Public health partnerships with faith-based organizations to support vaccination uptake among minoritized communities: A scoping review.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- The Role of Healthcare Leaders in Promoting Vaccine Acceptance in Saudi Arabia.Journal of healthcare leadership · 2024Article
- Role of leadership and incentive-based programs in addressing vaccine hesitancy in India.Vaccine: X · 2023Article
- Caring in crisis: The experiences of local religious leaders meeting community food needs in the Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic.Wellbeing, space and society · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundVaccination coverage levels fall short of the Global Vaccine and Action Plan 90% target in low- and middle- income countries (LMICs). Having identified traditional and religious leaders (TRLs) as potential public health change agents, this study aimed at assessing the effect of training them to support routine immunisation for the purpose of improving uptake of childhood vaccines in Cross River State, Nigeria.
methodsA cluster-randomised controlled study was conducted between 2016 and 2019. Of the 18 Local Government Areas (LGA) in Cross River State, eight (four urban and four rural LGAs) were randomized into the intervention and control study arms. A multi-component intervention involving the training of traditional and religious leaders was implemented in the four intervention LGAs. Baseline, midline and endline surveys collected information on children aged 0-23 months. The effect of the intervention on outcomes including the proportion fully up-to-date with vaccination, timely vaccination for pentavalent and measles vaccines, and pentavalent 1-3 dropout rates were estimated using logistic regression models using random effects to account for the clustered data.
resultsA total of 2598 children at baseline, 2570 at midline, and 2550 at endline were included. The intervention was effective in increasing the proportion with at least one vaccine (OR 12.13 95% CI 6.03-24.41p<0.001). However, there was no evidence of an impact on the proportion of children up-to-date with vaccination (p = 0.69). It was effective in improving timeliness of Pentavalent 3 (OR 1.55; 95% CI: 1.14, 2.12; p = 0.005) and Measles (OR 2.81; 96% CI: 1.93-4.1; p<0.001) vaccination. The odds of completing Pentavalent vaccination increased (OR = 1.66 95% CI: 1.08,2.55).
conclusionInformal training to enhance the traditional and religious leaders' knowledge of vaccination and their leadership role can empower them to be good influencers for childhood vaccination. They constitute untapped resources in the community to boost routine immunisation. Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (PACTR) PACTR202008784222254.
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