ArticleBrain : a journal of neurology2021
A neurogenetic analysis of female autism.
Article in Brain : a journal of neurology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Excitation/inhibition balance subtypes in autism and their genetic, neural, and clinical profiles.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Article
- Prediction and Prediction Error in Autism: A Meta-Analysis of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Results.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Sex differences in autism spectrum disorder: behavioral and sensory phenotypes in humans and mouse models.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Number of Alpha Peaks in the Electroencephalogram Is Associated With Clinical Phenotype and Copy Number Variants in Youths With Autism.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2026Article
- Estradiol modulates neuronal network hyperexcitability in select NDD risk genes.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Learning Explainable Imaging-Genetics Associations Related to a Neurological Disorder.Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention : MICCAI ... International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention · 2026Article
- Molecular and Genetic Mechanisms in Autism Spectrum Disorder.Annals of neurology · 2025Review
- Mapping along-tract commissural and association white matter microstructural differences in autistic children and young adults.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2025Article
- Sex Differences in the Striatal Contributions to Longitudinal Fine Motor Development in Autistic Children.Biological psychiatry · 2025Article
- Early selective attention to the articulating mouth as a potential female-specific marker of better language development in autism: a review.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Sex differences in trajectories of cortical development in autistic children from 2-13 years of age.Molecular psychiatry · 2024Article
- Differently different?: A commentary on the emerging social cognitive neuroscience of female autism.Biology of sex differences · 2024Review
- Investigating Sex-Based Neural Differences in Autism and Their Extended Reality Intervention Implications.Brain sciences · 2023Review
- Copy Number Variation Informs fMRI-based Prediction of Autism Spectrum Disorder.Machine learning in clinical neuroimaging : 6th international workshop, MLCN 2023, held in conjunction with MICCAI 2023, Vancouver, BC, Canada, October 8, 2023, proceedings. MLCN (Workshop) (6th : 2023 : Vancouver, B.C.) · 2023Article
- Why do we need sex-balanced studies of autism?Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2023Article
- Do subtle cultural differences sculpt face pareidolia?Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2023Article
- Sex difference contributes to phenotypic diversity in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Article
- Exclusion of females in autism research: Empirical evidence for a "leaky" recruitment-to-research pipeline.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2022Article
- Gene by environment interaction mouse model reveals a functional role for 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in neurodevelopmental disorders.Genome research · 2022Article
- The Diagnosis and Management of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Adult Females in the Presence or Absence of an Intellectual Disability.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Females versus males are less frequently diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and while understanding sex differences is critical to delineating the systems biology of the condition, female ASD is understudied. We integrated functional MRI and genetic data in a sex-balanced sample of ASD and typically developing youth (8-17 years old) to characterize female-specific pathways of ASD risk. Our primary objectives were to: (i) characterize female ASD (n = 45) brain response to human motion, relative to matched typically developing female youth (n = 45); and (ii) evaluate whether genetic data could provide further insight into the potential relevance of these brain functional differences. For our first objective we found that ASD females showed markedly reduced response versus typically developing females, particularly in sensorimotor, striatal, and frontal regions. This difference between ASD and typically developing females does not resemble differences between ASD (n = 47) and typically developing males (n = 47), even though neural response did not significantly differ between female and male ASD. For our second objective, we found that ASD females (n = 61), versus males (n = 66), showed larger median size of rare copy number variants containing gene(s) expressed in early life (10 postconceptual weeks to 2 years) in regions implicated by the typically developing female > female functional MRI contrast. Post hoc analyses suggested this difference was primarily driven by copy number variants containing gene(s) expressed in striatum. This striatal finding was reproducible among n = 2075 probands (291 female) from an independent cohort. Together, our findings suggest that striatal impacts may contribute to pathways of risk in female ASD and advocate caution in drawing conclusions regarding female ASD based on male-predominant cohorts.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.