ArticleProceedings of SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering2019
Phasor-based widefield FLIM using a gated 512×512 single-photon SPAD imager.
Article in Proceedings of SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Fast Gating for Raman Spectroscopy.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Auto-Phase-Locked Time-Resolved Luminescence Detection: Principles, Applications, and Prospects.Frontiers in chemistry · 2020Review
- Fluorescence lifetime imaging with a single-photon SPAD array using long overlapping gates: an experimental and theoretical study.Proceedings of SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering · 2019Article
- Single-photon avalanche diode imagers in biophotonics: review and outlook.Light, science & applications · 2019Review
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) imagers can perform fast time-resolved imaging in a compact form factor, by exploiting the processing capability and speed of integrated CMOS electronics. Developments in SPAD imagers have recently made them compatible with widefield microscopy, thanks to array formats approaching one megapixel and sensitivity and noise levels approaching those of established technologies. In this paper, phasor-based FLIM is demonstrated with a gated binary 512×512 SPAD imager, which can operate with a gate length as short as 5.75 ns, a minimum gate step of 17.9 ps, and up to 98 kfps readout rate (1-bit frames). Lifetimes of ATTO 550 and Rhodamine 6G (R6G) solutions were measured across a 472×256 sub-array using phasor analysis, acquiring data by shifting a 13.1 ns gate window across the 50 ns laser period. The measurement accuracy obtained when employing such a scheme based on long, overlapping gates was validated by comparison with TCSPC measurements and fitting analysis results based on a standard Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (>90% accuracy for the lifetime of R6G and ATTO 550). This demonstrates the ability of the proposed method to measure short lifetimes without minimum gate length requirements. The FLIM frame rate of the overall system can be increased up to a few fps for phasor-based widefield FLIM (moving closer to real-time operation) by FPGA-based parallel computation with continuous acquisition at the full speed of 98 kfps.
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Registered trials
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