ArticleNeurology2021
Cognitive Demands Influence Upper Extremity Motor Performance During Recovery From Acute Stroke.
Registry-linked trialOpen access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph
Article in Neurology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03485040 (Defining the Trajectory of Motor Recovery After Stroke), which is not on this map. Cited by 24 papers.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
24citing papers in PubMed
2.5field-weighted citation impact, top 10% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Defining the Trajectory of Motor Recovery After Stroke
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Improved processing speed and decreased functional connectivity in individuals with chronic stroke after paired exercise and motor training.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- The relevance of rich club regions for functional outcome post-stroke is enhanced in women.Human brain mapping · 2023Trial
- Deficits in Cognitive-Motor Control of the Ipsilesional Upper Limb in Subacute Stroke Assessed Using a Robotic Exoskeleton: A Longitudinal Study.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Magnetic NeuroRing: a portable adaptive brain-computer interface for real-time transcranial magnetic stimulation in post-stroke motor rehabilitation.npj biomedical innovations · 2026Article
- Prefrontal Hierarchical Control of Corticomuscular Coherence in Stroke.IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · 2026Article
- Functional connectivity associated with severe upper limb impairment in resting-state electroencephalography among chronic stroke survivors: a machine learning approach.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Divided attention and manual visuomotor control in stroke: a combined dual-task and eye movement study.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2025Observational
- Trial-By-Trial Variation In Upper Extremity Movement Smoothness After Acute Stroke Relates To Clinical Assessments And Corticospinal Tract Injury.Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · 2025Article
- Exploring Rehabilitation Patients' Perspectives on What Matters for the Adoption of Home-Based Rehabilitation Technology: Q-Methodology Study.JMIR rehabilitation and assistive technologies · 2025Article
- Can an Optimal Control Model Capture Tracking Kinematics? Insights from Healthy and Post-Stroke Robot Interactions.Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference · 2025Article
- Towards an Optimal Model of Post-Stroke Sensorimotor Control.IEEE ... International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics : [proceedings] · 2025Article
- Disconnection syndromes and injury to neural systems after ischemic stroke.Frontiers in stroke · 2025Article
- Review
- Distal Versus Proximal Arm Improvement After Paired Vagus Nerve Stimulation Therapy After Chronic Stroke.Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation · 2024Article
- NSF DARE-Transforming modeling in neurorehabilitation: Four threads for catalyzing progress.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2024Review
- The "Little Circles Test" (LCT): a dusted-off tool for assessing fine visuomotor function.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2023Article
- Distinguishing Distinct Neural Systems for Proximal vs Distal Upper Extremity Motor Control After Acute Stroke.Neurology · 2023Article
- Domain-Specific Outcome Measures in Clinical Trials of Therapies Promoting Stroke Recovery: A Suggested Blueprint.Stroke · 2023Review
- Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Arm Activity Measure in people with chronic stroke.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Article
- Modulation of neural co-firing to enhance network transmission and improve motor function after stroke.Neuron · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
David J LinFrom the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (D.J.L., J.A.D., N.L., J.R., K.P., A.C., J.F., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Neurocritical Care (D.J.L., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, Stroke Service (D.J.L., S.P.F., L.H.S., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (A.K.B.), Department of Neurology, Department of Occupational Therapy (J.R.), Department of Physical Therapy (K.P.), and Department of Speech, Language, and Swallowing Disorders (A.C., J.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (D.J.L., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of VA Medical Center, Providence, RI; Department of Occupational Therapy (K.S.E., N.L.), MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA; Division of Neurocritical Care (S.B.S.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; School of Engineering (L.R.H.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.C.C.), University of California, Los Angeles; and California Rehabilitation Hospital (S.C.C.), Los Angeles. dlin7@mgh.harvard.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-6575-9849
Kimberly S ErlerFrom the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (D.J.L., J.A.D., N.L., J.R., K.P., A.C., J.F., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Neurocritical Care (D.J.L., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, Stroke Service (D.J.L., S.P.F., L.H.S., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (A.K.B.), Department of Neurology, Department of Occupational Therapy (J.R.), Department of Physical Therapy (K.P.), and Department of Speech, Language, and Swallowing Disorders (A.C., J.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (D.J.L., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of VA Medical Center, Providence, RI; Department of Occupational Therapy (K.S.E., N.L.), MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA; Division of Neurocritical Care (S.B.S.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; School of Engineering (L.R.H.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.C.C.), University of California, Los Angeles; and California Rehabilitation Hospital (S.C.C.), Los Angeles.
Samuel B SniderFrom the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (D.J.L., J.A.D., N.L., J.R., K.P., A.C., J.F., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Neurocritical Care (D.J.L., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, Stroke Service (D.J.L., S.P.F., L.H.S., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (A.K.B.), Department of Neurology, Department of Occupational Therapy (J.R.), Department of Physical Therapy (K.P.), and Department of Speech, Language, and Swallowing Disorders (A.C., J.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (D.J.L., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of VA Medical Center, Providence, RI; Department of Occupational Therapy (K.S.E., N.L.), MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA; Division of Neurocritical Care (S.B.S.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; School of Engineering (L.R.H.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.C.C.), University of California, Los Angeles; and California Rehabilitation Hospital (S.C.C.), Los Angeles.
Anna K BonkhoffFrom the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (D.J.L., J.A.D., N.L., J.R., K.P., A.C., J.F., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Neurocritical Care (D.J.L., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, Stroke Service (D.J.L., S.P.F., L.H.S., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (A.K.B.), Department of Neurology, Department of Occupational Therapy (J.R.), Department of Physical Therapy (K.P.), and Department of Speech, Language, and Swallowing Disorders (A.C., J.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (D.J.L., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of VA Medical Center, Providence, RI; Department of Occupational Therapy (K.S.E., N.L.), MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA; Division of Neurocritical Care (S.B.S.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; School of Engineering (L.R.H.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.C.C.), University of California, Los Angeles; and California Rehabilitation Hospital (S.C.C.), Los Angeles.
Julie A DiCarloFrom the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (D.J.L., J.A.D., N.L., J.R., K.P., A.C., J.F., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Neurocritical Care (D.J.L., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, Stroke Service (D.J.L., S.P.F., L.H.S., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (A.K.B.), Department of Neurology, Department of Occupational Therapy (J.R.), Department of Physical Therapy (K.P.), and Department of Speech, Language, and Swallowing Disorders (A.C., J.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (D.J.L., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of VA Medical Center, Providence, RI; Department of Occupational Therapy (K.S.E., N.L.), MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA; Division of Neurocritical Care (S.B.S.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; School of Engineering (L.R.H.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.C.C.), University of California, Los Angeles; and California Rehabilitation Hospital (S.C.C.), Los Angeles.
Nicole LamFrom the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (D.J.L., J.A.D., N.L., J.R., K.P., A.C., J.F., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Neurocritical Care (D.J.L., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, Stroke Service (D.J.L., S.P.F., L.H.S., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (A.K.B.), Department of Neurology, Department of Occupational Therapy (J.R.), Department of Physical Therapy (K.P.), and Department of Speech, Language, and Swallowing Disorders (A.C., J.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (D.J.L., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of VA Medical Center, Providence, RI; Department of Occupational Therapy (K.S.E., N.L.), MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA; Division of Neurocritical Care (S.B.S.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; School of Engineering (L.R.H.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.C.C.), University of California, Los Angeles; and California Rehabilitation Hospital (S.C.C.), Los Angeles.
Jessica RanfordFrom the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (D.J.L., J.A.D., N.L., J.R., K.P., A.C., J.F., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Neurocritical Care (D.J.L., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, Stroke Service (D.J.L., S.P.F., L.H.S., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (A.K.B.), Department of Neurology, Department of Occupational Therapy (J.R.), Department of Physical Therapy (K.P.), and Department of Speech, Language, and Swallowing Disorders (A.C., J.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (D.J.L., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of VA Medical Center, Providence, RI; Department of Occupational Therapy (K.S.E., N.L.), MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA; Division of Neurocritical Care (S.B.S.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; School of Engineering (L.R.H.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.C.C.), University of California, Los Angeles; and California Rehabilitation Hospital (S.C.C.), Los Angeles.
Kristin ParlmanFrom the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (D.J.L., J.A.D., N.L., J.R., K.P., A.C., J.F., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Neurocritical Care (D.J.L., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, Stroke Service (D.J.L., S.P.F., L.H.S., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (A.K.B.), Department of Neurology, Department of Occupational Therapy (J.R.), Department of Physical Therapy (K.P.), and Department of Speech, Language, and Swallowing Disorders (A.C., J.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (D.J.L., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of VA Medical Center, Providence, RI; Department of Occupational Therapy (K.S.E., N.L.), MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA; Division of Neurocritical Care (S.B.S.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; School of Engineering (L.R.H.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.C.C.), University of California, Los Angeles; and California Rehabilitation Hospital (S.C.C.), Los Angeles.
Audrey CohenFrom the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (D.J.L., J.A.D., N.L., J.R., K.P., A.C., J.F., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Neurocritical Care (D.J.L., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, Stroke Service (D.J.L., S.P.F., L.H.S., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (A.K.B.), Department of Neurology, Department of Occupational Therapy (J.R.), Department of Physical Therapy (K.P.), and Department of Speech, Language, and Swallowing Disorders (A.C., J.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (D.J.L., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of VA Medical Center, Providence, RI; Department of Occupational Therapy (K.S.E., N.L.), MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA; Division of Neurocritical Care (S.B.S.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; School of Engineering (L.R.H.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.C.C.), University of California, Los Angeles; and California Rehabilitation Hospital (S.C.C.), Los Angeles.
Jennifer FreeburnFrom the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (D.J.L., J.A.D., N.L., J.R., K.P., A.C., J.F., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Neurocritical Care (D.J.L., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, Stroke Service (D.J.L., S.P.F., L.H.S., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (A.K.B.), Department of Neurology, Department of Occupational Therapy (J.R.), Department of Physical Therapy (K.P.), and Department of Speech, Language, and Swallowing Disorders (A.C., J.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (D.J.L., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of VA Medical Center, Providence, RI; Department of Occupational Therapy (K.S.E., N.L.), MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA; Division of Neurocritical Care (S.B.S.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; School of Engineering (L.R.H.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.C.C.), University of California, Los Angeles; and California Rehabilitation Hospital (S.C.C.), Los Angeles.
Seth P FinklesteinFrom the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (D.J.L., J.A.D., N.L., J.R., K.P., A.C., J.F., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Neurocritical Care (D.J.L., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, Stroke Service (D.J.L., S.P.F., L.H.S., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (A.K.B.), Department of Neurology, Department of Occupational Therapy (J.R.), Department of Physical Therapy (K.P.), and Department of Speech, Language, and Swallowing Disorders (A.C., J.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (D.J.L., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of VA Medical Center, Providence, RI; Department of Occupational Therapy (K.S.E., N.L.), MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA; Division of Neurocritical Care (S.B.S.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; School of Engineering (L.R.H.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.C.C.), University of California, Los Angeles; and California Rehabilitation Hospital (S.C.C.), Los Angeles.
Lee H SchwammFrom the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (D.J.L., J.A.D., N.L., J.R., K.P., A.C., J.F., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Neurocritical Care (D.J.L., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, Stroke Service (D.J.L., S.P.F., L.H.S., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (A.K.B.), Department of Neurology, Department of Occupational Therapy (J.R.), Department of Physical Therapy (K.P.), and Department of Speech, Language, and Swallowing Disorders (A.C., J.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (D.J.L., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of VA Medical Center, Providence, RI; Department of Occupational Therapy (K.S.E., N.L.), MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA; Division of Neurocritical Care (S.B.S.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; School of Engineering (L.R.H.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.C.C.), University of California, Los Angeles; and California Rehabilitation Hospital (S.C.C.), Los Angeles.ORCID 0000-0003-0592-9145
Leigh R HochbergFrom the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (D.J.L., J.A.D., N.L., J.R., K.P., A.C., J.F., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Neurocritical Care (D.J.L., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, Stroke Service (D.J.L., S.P.F., L.H.S., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (A.K.B.), Department of Neurology, Department of Occupational Therapy (J.R.), Department of Physical Therapy (K.P.), and Department of Speech, Language, and Swallowing Disorders (A.C., J.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (D.J.L., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of VA Medical Center, Providence, RI; Department of Occupational Therapy (K.S.E., N.L.), MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA; Division of Neurocritical Care (S.B.S.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; School of Engineering (L.R.H.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.C.C.), University of California, Los Angeles; and California Rehabilitation Hospital (S.C.C.), Los Angeles.ORCID 0000-0003-0261-2273
Steven C CramerFrom the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery (D.J.L., J.A.D., N.L., J.R., K.P., A.C., J.F., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Division of Neurocritical Care (D.J.L., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, Stroke Service (D.J.L., S.P.F., L.H.S., L.R.H.), Department of Neurology, J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (A.K.B.), Department of Neurology, Department of Occupational Therapy (J.R.), Department of Physical Therapy (K.P.), and Department of Speech, Language, and Swallowing Disorders (A.C., J.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology (D.J.L., L.R.H.), Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of VA Medical Center, Providence, RI; Department of Occupational Therapy (K.S.E., N.L.), MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA; Division of Neurocritical Care (S.B.S.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; School of Engineering (L.R.H.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (S.C.C.), University of California, Los Angeles; and California Rehabilitation Hospital (S.C.C.), Los Angeles.
Brigham and Women's Hospital · US
Funding
Targeting Neuroplasticity with Brain Computer Interfaces to Maximize Motor Recovery for Veterans with StrokeIK1RX003563 · VA · PROVIDENCE VA MEDICAL CENTER · PI LIN, DAVID J · 2020 to 2021
–RRD VA IK1 RX003563
Abstract
objectiveTo test the hypothesis that cognitive demands influence motor performance during recovery from acute stroke, we tested patients with acute stroke on 2 motor tasks with different cognitive demands and related task performance to cognitive impairment and neuroanatomic injury.
methodsWe assessed the contralesional and ipsilesional upper extremities of a cohort of 50 patients with weakness after unilateral acute ischemic stroke at 3 time points with 2 tasks: the Box & Blocks Test, a task with greater cognitive demand, and Grip Strength, a simple and ballistic motor task. We compared performance on the 2 tasks, related motor performance to cognitive dysfunction, and used voxel-based lesion symptom mapping to determine neuroanatomic sites associated with motor performance.
resultsConsistent across contralesional and ipsilesional upper extremities and most pronounced immediately after stroke, Box & Blocks scores were significantly more impaired than Grip Strength scores. The presence of cognitive dysfunction significantly explained up to 33% of variance in Box & Blocks performance but was not associated with Grip Strength performance. While Grip Strength performance was associated with injury largely restricted to sensorimotor regions, Box & Blocks performance was associated with broad injury outside sensorimotor structures, particularly the dorsal anterior insula, a region known to be important for complex cognitive function.
conclusionsTogether, these results suggest that cognitive demands influence upper extremity motor performance during recovery from acute stroke. Our findings emphasize the integrated nature of motor and cognitive systems and suggest that it is critical to consider cognitive demands during motor testing and neurorehabilitation after stroke.
Indexed as
Recovery of FunctionAgedCognitionFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPsychomotor PerformanceStrokeUpper Extremity
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Read underepoch 390
Registered trials
NCT03485040ClinicalTrials.gov
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.