ArticleScience immunology2021
Distinct antibody and memory B cell responses in SARS-CoV-2 naïve and recovered individuals following mRNA vaccination.
Article in Science immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 485 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
485 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 718 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Meta-Analysis on the Immunogenicity of Homologous versus Heterologous Immunization Regimens against SARS-CoV-2 Beta, Delta, and Omicron BA.1 VoCs in Healthy Adults.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2025Pooled it
- Risk assessment and antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare workers.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Omicron COVID-19 immune correlates analysis of a third dose of mRNA-1273 in the COVE trial.Nature communications · 2024Trial
- Comparable safety and non-inferior immunogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine candidate PTX-COVID19-B and BNT162b2 in a phase 2 randomized, observer-blinded study.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Modeling the kinetics of the neutralizing antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 variants after several administrations of Bnt162b2.PLoS computational biology · 2023Trial
- Vaccination induces HIV broadly neutralizing antibody precursors in humans.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2022Trial
- Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) and circular RNA (circRNA) vaccines: Progress, evidence gaps, and translational pathways for durable and scalable immunization.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Longitudinal antibody correlates of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a US household cohort during Omicron waves.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Dynamics of neutralizing antibody responses after trivalent XBB.1.5 booster vaccination: a 480-day longitudinal study.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- Durability and Breadth of Neutralizing Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants Following XBB.1.5 Vaccination in a Multiply Exposed Cohort.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Human primary antibody response to vaccination follows a partially sequential class-switching program with a checkpoint at IGHG2.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Deep learning representations of human Immune Health for precision immunology.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Evaluating Memory B Cell Cross-Reactivity Between Ancestral and Future SARS-CoV-2 Variants-Evidence for Original Antigenic Sin.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Article
- Antigen-specific T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination after hematopoietic cell transplant or CAR T-cell therapy.Blood advances · 2026Article
- COVID-19 vaccination and antibody response in healthcare workers: a longitudinal serological study following the 2023-2024 COVID-19 vaccination campaign.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Long-term kinetics of anti-RBD IgG antibodies 16 months after COVID-19 vaccination in Morocco: a longitudinal cohort study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Mechanisms underlying immunodynamics of layered defenses elicited by mRNA vaccination in children.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Immunological memory to vaccines.Immunity · 2026Review
- A Longitudinal Exploratory Study of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Dynamics in Young Adults in Bogotá: Lessons from Natural Infection and Post-Vaccination Memory.Biomedicines · 2026Article
425 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
31 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Novel mRNA vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 have been authorized for emergency use. Despite their efficacy in clinical trials, data on mRNA vaccine-induced immune responses are mostly limited to serological analyses. Here, we interrogated antibody and antigen-specific memory B cells over time in 33 SARS-CoV-2 naïve and 11 SARS-CoV-2 recovered subjects. SARS-CoV-2 naïve individuals required both vaccine doses for optimal increases in antibodies, particularly for neutralizing titers against the B.1.351 variant. Memory B cells specific for full-length spike protein and the spike receptor binding domain (RBD) were also efficiently primed by mRNA vaccination and detectable in all SARS-CoV-2 naive subjects after the second vaccine dose, though the memory B cell response declined slightly with age. In SARS-CoV-2 recovered individuals, antibody and memory B cell responses were significantly boosted after the first vaccine dose; however, there was no increase in circulating antibodies, neutralizing titers, or antigen-specific memory B cells after the second dose. This robust boosting after the first vaccine dose strongly correlated with levels of pre-existing memory B cells in recovered individuals, identifying a key role for memory B cells in mounting recall responses to SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Together, our data demonstrated robust serological and cellular priming by mRNA vaccines and revealed distinct responses based on prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure, whereby COVID-19 recovered subjects may only require a single vaccine dose to achieve peak antibody and memory B cell responses. These findings also highlight the utility of defining cellular responses in addition to serologies and may inform SARS-CoV-2 vaccine distribution in a resource-limited setting.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.