ArticleEuropean radiology2021
Assessment of factors affecting washout appearance of hepatocellular carcinoma on CT.
Article in European radiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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7 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Temporal Differentiation of Nonperipheral Washout Refines Prognostic Stratification in HCC.Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver · 2026Article
- Article
- Review
- Three-Dimensional Volumetric Iodine Mapping of the Liver Segment Derived from Contrast-Enhanced Dual-Energy CT for the Assessment of Hepatic Cirrhosis.Tomography (Ann Arbor, Mich.) · 2025Article
- Diagnostic performance of CT/MRI LI-RADS v2018 in non-cirrhotic steatotic liver disease.European radiology · 2024Article
- Extracellular volume fraction using contrast-enhanced CT is useful in differentiating intrahepatic cholangiocellular carcinoma from hepatocellular carcinoma.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Article
- What is the "washout" of hepatocellular carcinoma as observed on the equilibrium phase CT?: consideration based on the concept of extracellular volume fraction.Japanese journal of radiology · 2022Article
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7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
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Abstract
objectivesTo identify independent imaging and histopathologic factors that affect washout appearance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in CT images.
methodsThis retrospective study included 264 patients who had undergone surgical resection for treatment-naïve single HCC between January 2014 and December 2015 and had available preoperative multiphasic CT images. Two reviewers evaluated the CT imaging features of HCC using LI-RADS v2018. The "washout" was visually assessed in portal venous or equilibrium phases. Depending on the presence of washout appearance of HCC, all patients were divided into "washout" (n = 228) and "no washout" (n = 36) groups. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with the absence of washout appearance of HCC.
resultsA total of 264 HCCs (median size, 2.6 cm) were analyzed. Histologically proven hepatic steatosis (macrovesicular steatosis ≥ 5%) (odds ratio [OR], 2.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-6.74; p = 0.040), tumor capsule on histopathology (OR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.06-0.50; p = 0.001), and mosaic appearance on CT image (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.14-0.85; p = 0.021) were independent factors associated with the absence of washout appearance of HCC. In 189 patients with available unenhanced CT images, CT-diagnosed hepatic steatosis was also an independent factor for the absence of washout appearance of HCC (OR, 9.26; 95% CI, 3.06-28.02; p < 0.001).
conclusionsWashout appearance of HCC in CT images could be obscured in both histologically proven hepatic steatosis and CT-diagnosed hepatic steatosis, and could be enhanced with tumor capsule on histopathology and mosaic appearance on CT image. KEY POINTS: • Hepatic steatosis is an independent factor related to the absence of washout appearance of hepatocellular carcinoma in CT images, in both histologically proven hepatic steatosis and CT-diagnosed hepatic steatosis. • Both histologically proven hepatic steatosis and CT-diagnosed hepatic steatosis have higher odds of absence of washout appearance of hepatocellular carcinoma compared to non-steatotic liver. • Tumor capsule on histopathology and mosaic appearance on CT image are independent factors that enhance the probability that washout appearance of hepatocellular carcinoma is visible.
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