ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
Emerging Therapeutics for Immune Tolerance: Tolerogenic Vaccines, T cell Therapy, and IL-2 Therapy.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 94 citations in OpenAlex.
- Autoantibodies and Molecular Mimicry in Alphavirus Chronic Arthritis: A Systematic Review.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Pooled it
- Circulating inflammatory cytokines and psoriasis risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2023Pooled it
- Can Microneedle-Nanocarrier Platforms Deliver True Tolerogenic Immunotherapy for Psoriasis?Vaccines · 2026Review
- The neuroimmune network in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: from mechanistic insights to biomarker-guided immunotherapies and clinical translation.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Immune reconstitution and tolerance-inducing therapies as promising therapeutic approaches in multiple sclerosis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Manganese Gluconate as a Safe Trace Element Supplement Enhances Immune Function and Resistance to Staphylococcus aureus Infection in Broilers.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Nanoparticle-Based Tolerogenic Vaccines: Next-Generation Strategies for Autoimmune and Allergic Disease Therapies.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2026Review
- Endogenous Hypersensitivity Infection: A Unifying Framework forMicroorganisms · 2026Review
- Route of Administration Determines the Immunosuppressive Mechanism of Bifunctional Peptide Inhibitors in a Mouse EAE Model.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Gene expression profiling of dendritic cell tolerance dysfunction in women with systemic lupus erythematosus.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Decoding Treg diversity and dysfunction to advance Treg-based therapies in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Immunopathogenesis and Therapeutics of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: an Integrative Review.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Review
- Regulatory T Cell-Based Adoptive Cell Therapy in Autoimmunity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Talin 1 plays a significant role in the development of tolerogenic dendritic cells, which may contribute to the progression of multiple sclerosis.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2025Article
- CD163/CD63+ Monocyte-Derived DC Profiled in Tissue by Multi-Antigen Analysis (MAA) Discriminate Chronic Eczema and Psoriasis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Development of Thymic Organoids Heterotopically to Educate and Induce T Lymphocytes.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2025Article
- Generation of an inflammatory niche in a hydrogel depot through recruitment of key immune cells improves efficacy of mRNA vaccines.Science advances · 2025Article
- Targeted-Immunomodulatory Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases via Multiple Administration Routes.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Review
- Vaccination as a Promising Approach in Cardiovascular Risk Mitigation: Are We Ready to Embrace a Vaccine Strategy?Biomolecules · 2024Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases affect roughly 5-10% of the total population, with women affected more than men. The standard treatment for autoimmune or autoinflammatory diseases had long been immunosuppressive agents until the advent of immunomodulatory biologic drugs, which aimed at blocking inflammatory mediators, including proinflammatory cytokines. At the frontier of these biologic drugs are TNF-α blockers. These therapies inhibit the proinflammatory action of TNF-α in common autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease. TNF-α blockade quickly became the "standard of care" for these autoimmune diseases due to their effectiveness in controlling disease and decreasing patient's adverse risk profiles compared to broad-spectrum immunosuppressive agents. However, anti-TNF-α therapies have limitations, including known adverse safety risk, loss of therapeutic efficacy due to drug resistance, and lack of efficacy in numerous autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis. The next wave of truly transformative therapeutics should aspire to provide a cure by selectively suppressing pathogenic autoantigen-specific immune responses while leaving the rest of the immune system intact to control infectious diseases and malignancies. In this review, we will focus on three main areas of active research in immune tolerance. First, tolerogenic vaccines aiming at robust, lasting autoantigen-specific immune tolerance. Second, T cell therapies using Tregs (either polyclonal, antigen-specific, or genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to establish active dominant immune tolerance or T cells (engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to delete pathogenic immune cells. Third, IL-2 therapies aiming at expanding immunosuppressive regulatory T cells
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.