ArticleBMC medicine2021
Reducing travel-related SARS-CoV-2 transmission with layered mitigation measures: symptom monitoring, quarantine, and testing.
Article in BMC medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Calculating the Probability that a Previously Susceptible Individual is Infected as a Function of Time Following Exposure to SARS-CoV-2.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Article
- Policy challenges in the provision of COVID-19 border screening: evidence from eight countries.BMC public health · 2026Review
- A fundamental limit to the effectiveness of traveller screening with molecular tests.Epidemiology and infection · 2025Article
- Aircraft lavatory wastewater surveillance for movement of antimicrobial resistance genes: a proof-of-concept study.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Assessing exit screening of SARS-CoV-2 in Japan: an analysis of the airport screening data of passengers from the United Kingdom, 2020-2022.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Evaluation of the exit screening policy among travelers arriving from Asian and pacific nations.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- A methodology for estimating SARS-CoV-2 importation risk by air travel into Canada between July and November 2021.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Effectiveness of Point of Entry Health Screening Measures among Travelers in the Detection and Containment of the International Spread of COVID-19: A Review of the Evidence.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Review
- Optimization of Screening Strategies for COVID-19: Scoping Review.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2024Article
- COVID-19 passenger screening to reduce travel risk and translocation of disease.Epidemiology and infection · 2024Article
- How Did Human Rights Fare in Amendments to the International Health Regulations?The Journal of law, medicine & ethics : a journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics · 2024Article
- Demographic and travel characteristics and self-reported predeparture SARS-CoV-2 testing behavior in air passengers entering the United States from foreign destinations from July to September 2021.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2023Article
- A comparative study of eight COVID-19 protective measures and their impact on Swiss tourists' travel intentions.Tourism management · 2023Article
- Transmission Characteristics and Inactivated Vaccine Effectiveness Against Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5 Variants in Urumqi, China.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Effect of Predeparture Testing on Postarrival SARS-CoV-2-Positive Test Results Among International Travelers - CDC Traveler-Based Genomic Surveillance Program, Four U.S. Airports, March-September 2022.MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report · 2023Article
- Early Detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Variants Using Traveler-based Genomic Surveillance at 4 US Airports, September 2021-January 2022.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- Estimating the incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 variant in comparison with that during the Delta variant dominance in South Korea.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2022Article
- An Assessment of a Rapid SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Test in Bangladesh.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2022Article
- Lessons Learned From a Prospective Observational Study of U.S. Marine Recruits During a Supervised Quarantine, Spring‒Fall 2020.AJPM focus · 2022Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBalancing the control of SARS-CoV-2 transmission with the resumption of travel is a global priority. Current recommendations include mitigation measures before, during, and after travel. Pre- and post-travel strategies including symptom monitoring, antigen or nucleic acid amplification testing, and quarantine can be combined in multiple ways considering different trade-offs in feasibility, adherence, effectiveness, cost, and adverse consequences.
methodsWe used a mathematical model to analyze the expected effectiveness of symptom monitoring, testing, and quarantine under different estimates of the infectious period, test-positivity relative to time of infection, and test sensitivity to reduce the risk of transmission from infected travelers during and after travel.
resultsIf infection occurs 0-7 days prior to travel, immediate isolation following symptom onset prior to or during travel reduces risk of transmission while traveling by 30-35%. Pre-departure testing can further reduce risk, with testing closer to the time of travel being optimal even if test sensitivity is lower than an earlier test. For example, testing on the day of departure can reduce risk while traveling by 44-72%. For transmission risk after travel with infection time up to 7 days prior to arrival at the destination, isolation based on symptom monitoring reduced introduction risk at the destination by 42-56%. A 14-day quarantine after arrival, without symptom monitoring or testing, can reduce post-travel risk by 96-100% on its own. However, a shorter quarantine of 7 days combined with symptom monitoring and a test on day 5-6 after arrival is also effective (97--100%) at reducing introduction risk and is less burdensome, which may improve adherence.
conclusionsQuarantine is an effective measure to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk from travelers and can be enhanced by the addition of symptom monitoring and testing. Optimal test timing depends on the effectiveness of quarantine: with low adherence or no quarantine, optimal test timing is close to the time of arrival; with effective quarantine, testing a few days later optimizes sensitivity to detect those infected immediately before or while traveling. These measures can complement recommendations such as social distancing, using masks, and hand hygiene, to further reduce risk during and after travel.
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