ArticleThe Journal of nutrition2021
Complementary Feeding Practices in 80 Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Prevalence of and Socioeconomic Inequalities in Dietary Diversity, Meal Frequency, and Dietary Adequacy.
Article in The Journal of nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 98 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
98 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Changing maternal and child nutrition practices through integrating social and behavior change interventions in community-based self-help and support groups: literature review from Bangladesh, India, and Vietnam.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Minimum acceptable dietary intake among children aged 6-23 months in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2023Pooled it
- Milk-cereal mix supplementation during infancy and impact on neurodevelopmental outcomes at 12 and 24 months of age: a randomised controlled trial in India.The British journal of nutrition · 2023Trial
- Potential of Egg as Complementary Food to Improve Nutrient Intake and Dietary Diversity.Nutrients · 2022Trial
- Inequities in Children's Food Environment: A Comparison between Slum and Non-slum Settings in Urban Bangladesh.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2026Article
- Exploratory Spatial and Temporal Analysis of the Territorial Coexistence of Undernutrition and Excess Weight Among Children Under Five Years of Age in Peru, 2014-2024.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Dietary diversity and the triple burden of malnutrition among children aged 6-23 months in 62 low- and middle-income countries: an analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys.Journal of global health · 2026Article
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- Nutrient Contribution and Acceptability of Dried Small Indigenous Fish Powders for Complementary Feeding in Northern Cameroon.Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Breastfeeding cessation decisions, practices, and Support-seeking Among mothers in Tehran, Iran: a cross-sectional study.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Article
- Determinants and district-level variation in childhood undernutrition in Sindh, Pakistan: evidence from MICS 2018.BMC nutrition · 2026Article
- Modelling the impact of dietary diversity on child nutrition in Pakistan: a machine learning analysis with Shapley Additive exPlanations and Boruta interpretability.Journal of global health · 2026Article
- Child feeding practices and nutritional status of children aged 6-23 months in Nigeria: a multi-site survey.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Minimum acceptable diet and its associated factors among children aged 6-23months in rural households of South Ethiopia.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2026Article
- Spatial Pattern and Determinants of Inadequate Complementary Feeding Indicators Among Children Aged 6-23 Months in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Unhealthy feeding practices in early childhood: prevalence and associated factors in Bangladesh.BMJ paediatrics open · 2026Article
- Why are policies to combat undernutrition not effective in Mozambique?Nature communications · 2026Article
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- Indicators of complementary feeding and social vulnerability in the Brazilian Amazon.Revista de saude publica · 2026Article
38 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAdequate complementary feeding practices in early childhood contribute to better food preferences and health outcomes throughout the life course.
objectivesThe aim of this study was to describe patterns and socioeconomic inequalities in complementary feeding practices among children aged 6-23 mo in 80 low- and middle-income countries.
methodsWe analyzed national surveys carried out since 2010. Complementary feeding indicators for children aged 6-23 mo included minimum dietary diversity (MDD), minimum meal frequency (MMF), and minimum acceptable diet (MAD). Between- and within-country inequalities were documented using relative (wealth deciles), gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, and absolute (estimated household income) socioeconomic indicators. Statistical analyses included calculation of the slope index of inequality, Pearson correlation and linear regression, and scatter diagrams.
resultsOnly 21.3%, 56.2%, and 10.1% of the 80 countries showed prevalence levels >50% for MDD, MMF, and MAD, respectively. Western & Central Africa showed the lowest prevalence for all indicators, whereas the highest for MDD and MAD was Latin America & Caribbean, and for MMF it was East Asia & the Pacific. Log GDP per capita was positively associated with MDD (R2 = 48.5%), MMF (28.2%), and MAD (41.4%). Pro-rich within-country inequalities were observed in most countries for the 3 indicators; pro-poor inequalities were observed in 2 countries for MMF, and in none for the other 2 indicators. Breast milk was the only type of food with a pro-poor distribution, whereas animal-source foods (dairy products, flesh foods, and eggs) showed the most pronounced pro-rich inequality. Dietary diversity improved sharply when absolute annual household incomes exceeded ∼US$20,000. All 3 dietary indicators improved by age and no consistent differences were observed between boys and girls.
conclusionsMonitoring complementary feeding indicators across the world and implementing policies and programs to reduce wealth-related inequalities are essential to achieve optimal child nutrition.
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