ArticleNature protocols2021
Fabrication, characterization and applications of graphene electronic tattoos.
Article in Nature protocols, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed.
- Engineering two-dimensional electronic biosensors.Nature reviews electrical engineering · 2026Article
- Inkjet-Printed Aqueous Graphene Suspensions on Flexible Substrates for Multimodal Wearable Continuous Health Monitoring.ACS nanoscience Au · 2026Article
- Scalable Conformal Electronics Based on Roll-to-Roll Exfoliated van der Waals Semiconductors.ACS nano · 2026Article
- Fabrication and characterization of optoelectronic in-sensor computing devices.Nature protocols · 2026Review
- Multifunctional, energy-autonomous textile sensors enabled by spray-coated two-dimensional heterostructures.Npj flexible electronics · 2026Article
- The use of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as de-icing agent in engineered cementitious composites (ECC).Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Tattoo Assisted Optical Sensor System for Multimodal Discrete Physiological Sensing.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- Research progress on the preparation, performance, mechanisms, and applications of carbon nanomaterials against Gram-negative bacteria.RSC advances · 2025Review
- Advances in 2D materials for wearable biomonitoring.Materials science & engineering. R, Reports : a review journal · 2025Article
- Materials and device strategies to enhance spatiotemporal resolution in bioelectronics.Nature reviews. Materials · 2025Article
- Graphene-based wearable biosensors for point-of-care diagnostics: From surface functionalization to biomarker detection.Materials today. Bio · 2025Review
- A Printed Microscopic Universal Gradient Interface for Super Stretchable Strain-Insensitive Bioelectronics.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2025Article
- Wearable Biodevices Based on Two-Dimensional Materials: From Flexible Sensors to Smart Integrated Systems.Nano-micro letters · 2025Review
- In-Ear Electronics with Mechanical Adaptability for Physiological Sensing.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- Graphene-Inspired Wafer-Scale Ultrathin Gold Films.Nano letters · 2024Article
- Atomically thin bioelectronics.Nature reviews. Materials · 2024Article
- Frequency-encoded eye tracking smart contact lens for human-machine interaction.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Solvent-Free and Cost-Efficient Fabrication of a High-Performance Nanocomposite Sensor for Recording of Electrophysiological Signals.Biosensors · 2024Article
- Adhesive Wearable Sensors for Electroencephalography from Hairy Scalp.Advanced healthcare materials · 2023Article
- Facile Transfer of Spray-Coated Ultrathin AgNWs Composite onto the Skin for Electrophysiological Sensors.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Numerous fields of science and technology, including healthcare, robotics and bioelectronics, have begun to switch their research direction from developing 'high-end, high-cost' tools towards 'high-end, low-cost' solutions. Graphene electronic tattoos (GETs), whose fabrication protocol is discussed in this work, are ideal building blocks of future wearable technology due to their outstanding electromechanical properties. The GETs are composed of high-quality, large-scale graphene that is transferred onto tattoo paper, resulting in an electronic device that is applied onto skin like a temporary tattoo. Here, we provide a comprehensive GET fabrication protocol, starting from graphene growth and ending with integration onto human skin. The methodology presented is unique since it utilizes high-quality electronic-grade graphene, while the processing is done by using low-cost and off-the-shelf methods, such as a mechanical cutter plotter. The GETs can be either used in combination with advanced scientific equipment to perform precision experiments, or with low-cost electrophysiology boards, to conduct similar operations from home. In this protocol, we showcase how GETs can be applied onto the human body and how they can be used to obtain a variety of biopotentials, including electroencephalogram (brain waves), electrocardiogram (heart activity), electromyogram (muscle activity), as well as monitoring of body temperature and hydration. With graphene available from commercial sources, the whole protocol consumes ~3 h of labor and does not require highly trained personnel. The protocol described in this work can be readily replicated in simple laboratories, including high school facilities.
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