ReviewNPJ vaccines2021
Force of infection: a determinant of vaccine efficacy?
Review in NPJ vaccines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04947111 (Serological Study of Dengue and Characterization of Immune Response in Ten Endemic and Non-Endemic Cities in Mexico), which is not on this map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Serological Study of Dengue and Characterization of Immune Response in Ten Endemic and Non-Endemic Cities in Mexico
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A systematic literature review of the global seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus: possible implications for treatment, screening, and vaccine development.BMC public health · 2022Pooled it
- Effect of Omicron BA.1-based compared to prototype booster mRNA vaccination on incidence of COVID-19 in the COVAIL trial.Vaccine · 2025Trial
- Article
- Gut Microbiota and Postbiotic Metabolites: Biotic Intervention for Enhancing Vaccine Responses and Personalized Medicine for Disease Prevention.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Establishing long-lasting vaccine immunity: insights from mRNA and adjuvanted protein platforms.NPJ vaccines · 2025Review
- Drivers of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Natural Host and Effects of Control Measures, Bulgaria.Emerging infectious diseases · 2025Article
- De-risking vaccine development: lessons, challenges, and prospects.NPJ vaccines · 2025Review
- Modeling the initial impact and predicted future benefits of TCV from two Pakistani provinces.The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2025Article
- Reconciling heterogeneous dengue virus infection risk estimates from different study designs.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Analysing vaccine efficacy evaluated in phase 3 clinical trials carried out during outbreaks.Infectious Disease Modelling · 2024Article
- Article
- Reconciling heterogeneous dengue virus infection risk estimates from different study designs.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against severe COVID-19 among patients with cancer in Catalonia, Spain.Nature communications · 2024Article
- A new automated national register-based surveillance system for outbreaks in long-term care facilities in Norway detected three times more severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) clusters than traditional methods.Infection control and hospital epidemiology · 2023Article
- Predicting indirect effects of rotavirus vaccination programs on rotavirus mortality among children in 112 countries.NPJ vaccines · 2023Article
- Article
- The Importance of Exercising Caution When Comparing Results from Malaria Vaccines Administered on the EPI Schedule and on a Seasonal Schedule.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2022Article
- Effectiveness of an inactivated Covid-19 vaccine with homologous and heterologous boosters against Omicron in Brazil.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19 among symptomatic persons aged ≥12 years with reported contact with COVID-19 cases, February-September 2021.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2022Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
Abstract
Vaccine efficacy (VE) can vary in different settings. Of the many proposed setting-dependent determinants of VE, force of infection (FoI) stands out as one of the most direct, proximate, and actionable. As highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic, modifying FoI through non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) use can significantly contribute to controlling transmission and reducing disease incidence and severity absent highly effective pharmaceutical interventions, such as vaccines. Given that NPIs reduce the FoI, the question arises as to if and to what degree FoI, and by extension NPIs, can modify VE, and more practically, as vaccines become available for a pathogen, whether and which NPIs should continue to be used in conjunction with vaccines to optimize controlling transmission and reducing disease incidence and severity.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.