ArticleAmerican journal of ophthalmology2021
Classification Criteria for Birdshot Chorioretinitis.
Article in American journal of ophthalmology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systemic bias in medical consensus: how flawed panels and lack of evidence can distort definitions and guidelines: the case of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease : Perspective.Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection · 2026Article
- A Dataset of Widefield Fundus Images From Patients With Birdshot Chorioretinitis and Matched Control.Scientific data · 2026Article
- Pigment loss and pseudo-albinism in Birdshot chorioretinitis.Eye (London, England) · 2026Observational
- Dual-Site Inflammation During Adalimumab Therapy: Birdshot Chorioretinopathy Complicated by Paradoxical Psoriasis.Cureus · 2026Article
- Patterns of Inflammation in Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis and Their Correlation to Optical Coherence Tomography Findings in Human Uveitis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- The Impact of ERAP1 and ERAP2 Haplotype Combinations on Susceptibility and Severity of Birdshot Chorioretinitis.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Etiologies of intermediate uveitis in a tertiary center: an age-oriented medical assessment?Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection · 2025Article
- Peripapillary atrophy in patients with birdshot chorioretinitis.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2025Observational
- Compositional variation in eye-infiltrating immune cells distinguishes human uveitis subtypes.iScience · 2025Article
- Inadequacies in uveitis: misnomers, incongruencies, persistence of obsolete terminologies & inappropriate guidelines, treatment inadequacies, and misinterpretations.Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection · 2025Review
- The Impact of HLA-A29 Homozygosity and of the Second HLA-A Allele on Susceptibility and Severity of Birdshot Chorioretinitis.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- Visual acuity and visual field as a function of disease duration in patients with birdshot chorioretinitis.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2024Observational
- Microvascular and Structural Characterization of Birdshot Chorioretinitis in Active and Inactive Phases.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- HLA-A29 Negative Birdshot-like Chorioretinopathy Associated with Vitiligo-Case Report.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Single-cell profiling identifies a CD8Nature communications · 2024Article
- Assessment of Blood Flow Velocity in Retinal Vasculitis Using the Retinal Function Imager-A Pilot Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Artificial intelligence in chorioretinal pathology through fundoscopy: a comprehensive review.International journal of retina and vitreous · 2024Review
- Artificial Intelligence in Uveitis: Innovations in Diagnosis and Therapeutic Strategies.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024Review
- The role of a multicentre data repository in ocular inflammation: The Ocular Autoimmune Systemic Inflammatory Infectious Study (OASIS).Eye (London, England) · 2023Review
- Long-Term Outcomes of Birdshot Chorioretinopathy Treated with Corticosteroids: A Case Reports.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
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Funding
Abstract
purposeTo determine classification criteria for birdshot chorioretinitis.
designMachine learning of cases with birdshot chorioretinitis and 8 other posterior uveitides.
methodsCases of posterior uveitides were collected in an informatics-designed preliminary database, and a final database was constructed of cases achieving supermajority agreement on diagnosis, using formal consensus techniques. Cases were split into a training set and a validation set. Machine learning using multinomial logistic regression was used on the training set to determine a parsimonious set of criteria that minimized the misclassification rate among the infectious posterior uveitides / panuveitides. The resulting criteria were evaluated on the validation set.
resultsOne thousand sixty-eight cases of posterior uveitides, including 207 cases of birdshot chorioretinitis, were evaluated by machine learning. Key criteria for birdshot chorioretinitis included a multifocal choroiditis with (1) the characteristic appearance of a bilateral multifocal choroiditis with cream-colored or yellow-orange, oval or round choroidal spots ("birdshot" spots); (2) absent to mild anterior chamber inflammation; and (3) absent to moderate vitreous inflammation; or multifocal choroiditis with positive HLA-A29 testing and either classic "birdshot spots" or characteristic imaging on indocyanine green angiography. Overall accuracy for posterior uveitides was 93.9% in the training set and 98.0% (95% confidence interval 94.3, 99.3) in the validation set. The misclassification rates for birdshot chorioretinitis were 10% in the training set and 0% in the validation set.
conclusionsThe criteria for birdshot chorioretinitis had a low misclassification rate and seemed to perform sufficiently well for use in clinical and translational research.
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