ArticleDiabetologia2021
Long-term metformin use and risk of pneumonia and related death in type 2 diabetes: a registry-based cohort study.
Article in Diabetologia, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Redefining Diabetes and Creating Solutions-The Hong Kong Diabetes Register: Kelly West Award Lecture 2025.Diabetes care · 2026Article
- Glucose control and mortality from lower respiratory tract infections in patients with diabetes: evidence from real-world data.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Comparing rosuvastatin and atorvastatin on cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in patients with diabetes across chronic kidney disease stages: an emulated target trial in China.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Review
- Using Pharmacoepidemiology to Examine the Interplay of Sulfonylureas and Infection Risk in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus.CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology · 2025Article
- Review
- A Review on Risk Factors, Traditional Diagnostic Techniques, and Biomarkers for Pneumonia Prognostication and Management in Diabetic Patients.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Diabetes and infection: review of the epidemiology, mechanisms and principles of treatment.Diabetologia · 2024Review
- Clinical outcomes following discontinuation of metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and advanced chronic kidney disease in Hong Kong: a territory-wide, retrospective cohort and target trial emulation study.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Article
- Diabetes Mellitus and Pneumococcal Pneumonia.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Clinical outcomes following discontinuation of renin-angiotensin-system inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes and advanced chronic kidney disease: A prospective cohort study.EClinicalMedicine · 2023Article
- Attenuated Risk Association of End-Stage Kidney Disease with Metformin in Type 2 Diabetes with eGFR Categories 1-4.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Protection by metformin against severe Covid-19: An in-depth mechanistic analysis.Diabetes & metabolism · 2022Review
- Role of Metformin in Morbidity and Mortality Associated with Urinary Tract Infections in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Article
- A Clinical Perspective of the Multifaceted Mechanism of Metformin in Diabetes, Infections, Cognitive Dysfunction, and Cancer.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Metformin use and the risk of bacterial pneumonia in patients with type 2 diabetes.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Insulin as Monotherapy and in Combination with Other Glucose-Lowering Drugs Is Related to Increased Risk of Diagnosis of Pneumonia: A Longitudinal Assessment over Two Years.Journal of personalized medicine · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aims/hypothesisThe long-term effects of metformin in individuals with type 2 diabetes who are at increased risk of severe respiratory infections are unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of metformin use on the risk of first pneumonia hospitalisation and pneumonia-related death in a cohort of Chinese individuals with type 2 diabetes.
methodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of a consecutive cohort of 22,638 individuals with type 2 diabetes in the Hong Kong Diabetes Register enrolled between 2001 and 2018, with follow-up until 31 December 2019. Overlap propensity-score weighting was performed to balance baseline characteristics.
resultsOf 22,638 individuals with type 2 diabetes, after excluding those who had not been prescribed any glucose-lowering drugs (GLDs) and/or with eGFR ≤30 ml min CONCLUSIONS/
interpretationLong-term use of metformin was associated with reduced risk of pneumonia and pneumonia-related death among Chinese individuals with diabetes. The relevance of these results to other respiratory infections merits further investigation.
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