Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33843541›Full record

ArticlePublic health nutrition2022

Restaurant kids' meal beverage offerings before and after implementation of healthy default beverage policy statewide in California compared with citywide in Wilmington, Delaware.

Lorrene D Ritchie, Laura Lessard, Phoebe Harpainter, Marisa M Tsai, Gail Woodward-Lopez, Tara Tracy, Wendi Gosliner, Kathleen McCallops, Isabel Thompson, Allison Karpyn

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Article in Public health nutrition, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
9citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

9 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Lorrene D RitchieNutrition Policy Institute, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, 1111 Franklin Street, Oakland, CA 94607, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8038-1821
Laura LessardDepartment of Behavioral Health & Nutrition, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
Phoebe HarpainterNutrition Policy Institute, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, 1111 Franklin Street, Oakland, CA 94607, USA.
Marisa M TsaiNutrition Policy Institute, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, 1111 Franklin Street, Oakland, CA 94607, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1387-1628
Gail Woodward-LopezNutrition Policy Institute, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, 1111 Franklin Street, Oakland, CA 94607, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2745-1077
Tara TracyCenter for Research in Education and Social Policy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
Wendi GoslinerNutrition Policy Institute, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, 1111 Franklin Street, Oakland, CA 94607, USA.
Kathleen McCallopsCenter for Research in Education and Social Policy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
Isabel ThompsonSchool of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Allison KarpynCenter for Research in Education and Social Policy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveIn 2019, California and Wilmington, Delaware' implemented policies requiring healthier default beverages with restaurant kids' meals. The current study assessed restaurant beverage offerings and manager perceptions.

designPre-post menu observations were conducted in California and Wilmington. Observations of cashiers/servers during orders were conducted pre-post implementation in California and post-implementation in Wilmington. Changes in California were compared using multilevel logistic regression and paired t tests. Post-implementation, managers were interviewed.

settingInside and drive-through ordering venues in a sample of quick-service restaurants in low-income California communities and all restaurants in Wilmington subject to the policy, the month before and 7-12 months after policy implementation.

participantsRestaurant observations (California n 110; Wilmington n 14); managers (California n 75; Wilmington n 15).

resultsPre-implementation, the most common kids' meal beverages on California menus were unflavoured milk and water (78·8 %, 52·0 %); in Wilmington, juice, milk and sugar-sweetened beverages were most common (81·8 %, 66·7 % and 46·2 %). Post-implementation, menus including only policy-consistent beverages significantly increased in California (9·7 % to 66·1 %, P < 0·0001), but remained constant in Wilmington (30·8 %). During orders, cashiers/servers offering only policy-consistent beverages significantly decreased post-implementation in California (5·0 % to 1·0 %, P = 0·002). Few managers (California 29·3 %; Wilmington 0 %) reported policy knowledge, although most expressed support. Most managers wanted additional information for customers and staff.

conclusionsWhile the proportion of menus offering only policy-consistent kids' meal default beverages increased in California, offerings did not change in Wilmington. In both jurisdictions, managers lacked policy knowledge, and few cashiers/servers offered only policy-consistent beverages. Additional efforts are needed to strengthen implementation of kids' meal beverage policies.

Indexed as

MealsRestaurantsBeveragesDelawareHealth PolicyHumansBeverageChildrenFast foodMealPolicyRestaurant

Identifiers

PMID33843541
PMCPMC9991718

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.