ArticleCell reports. Medicine2021
Rapid decline of neutralizing antibodies is associated with decay of IgM in adults recovered from mild COVID-19.
Article in Cell reports. Medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 74 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Spike of SARS-CoV-2: Uniqueness and Applications.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Safety and immunogenicity of PHH-1V booster against SARS-CoV-2 variants, including omicron subvariants: Results from a phase IIb open-label extension study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Trial
- Longitudinal assessment of MPXV-specific IgG avidity in patients with Mpox infection.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Cytokine and Antibody Isotype Responses in Vaccinated Healthcare Workers with SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infections.Viruses · 2025Article
- Infant CD4 T-Cell Response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination Is Restricted in Cytokine Production and Modified by Vaccine Manufacturer.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Newly discovered and conserved role of IgM against viral infection in an early vertebrate.eLife · 2025Article
- Rethinking Optimal Immunogens to Face SARS-CoV-2 Evolution Through Vaccination.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Review
- Article
- SARS-CoV-2 BA.1 and BA.2 breakthrough infections boost antibody responses to early Omicron subvariants but not BQ.1.1 or XBB.1.5.Cell reports. Medicine · 2024Article
- Balance between maternal antiviral response and placental transfer of protection in gestational SARS-CoV-2 infection.JCI insight · 2023Article
- Delay-differential SEIR modeling for improved modelling of infection dynamics.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Assessment of Broadly Reactive Responses in Patients With MERS-CoV Infection and SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Subjects who developed SARS-CoV-2 specific IgM after vaccination show a longer humoral immunity and a lower frequency of infection.EBioMedicine · 2023Article
- Neutralizing Antibody Responses Among Residents and Staff of Long-Term Care Facilities in the State of New Jersey During the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic.Journal of community health · 2023Article
- T-cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2: what if the known best is not the optimal course for the long run? Adapting to evolving targets.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- The Luciferase Immunoprecipitation System (LIPS) Targeting the Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Is More Accurate than Nucleoprotein-Based LIPS and ELISAs for Mink Serology.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2023Article
- Immunoglobulins response of COVID-19 patients, COVID-19 vaccine recipients, and random individuals.PloS one · 2023Article
- Longitudinal antibody titer, avidity, and neutralizing responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection.Heliyon · 2022Article
- Kinetics of humoral immune response over 17 months of COVID-19 pandemic in a large cohort of healthcare workers in Spain: the ProHEpiC-19 study.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The fate of protective immunity following mild severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection remains ill defined. Here, we characterize antibody responses in a cohort of participants recovered from mild SARS-CoV-2 infection with follow-up to 6 months. We measure immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgM, and IgG binding and avidity to viral antigens and assess neutralizing antibody responses over time. Furthermore, we correlate the effect of fever, gender, age, and time since symptom onset with antibody responses. We observe that total anti-S trimer, anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD), and anti-nucleocapsid protein (NP) IgG are relatively stable over 6 months of follow-up, that anti-S and anti-RBD avidity increases over time, and that fever is associated with higher levels of antibodies. However, neutralizing antibody responses rapidly decay and are strongly associated with declines in IgM levels. Thus, while total antibody against SARS-CoV-2 may persist, functional antibody, particularly IgM, is rapidly lost. These observations have implications for the duration of protective immunity following mild SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.