ArticleObesity science & practice2021
Body mass index and risk of obesity-related conditions in a cohort of 2.9 million people: Evidence from a UK primary care database.
Article in Obesity science & practice, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Cost-effectiveness of endoscopic treatments for obesity: a clinical evidence map and systematic review to inform a model-based cost-effectiveness analysis.Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) · 2025Pooled it
- Associations between Type of Bariatric Surgery and Obstructive Sleep Apnoea, Employment Outcomes, and Body Image Satisfaction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Obesity facts · 2025Pooled it
- Association of tirzepatide with changes in OSA-related measures based on baseline characteristics - post hoc analyses of SURMOUNT-OSA.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2026Trial
- Pre-workout multi-ingredients or carbohydrate alone promote similar resistance training outcomes in middle-aged adults: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2025Trial
- The Comparison of the Effects between Continuous and Intermittent Energy Restriction in Short-Term Bodyweight Loss for Sedentary Population: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Trial
- Real-World Data-Driven Insights in Obesity: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Analysis of General Practice and a Specialized Obesity Clinic in Belgium-An IMI2 SOPHIA Study.Clinical obesity · 2026Article
- Impact of bariatric surgery on monthly earnings and employment: a national linked data study in England, 2014-2022.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2026Observational
- Burden of long-term conditions and management of people with overweight and obesity: Data from the United Kingdom primary care cohort of the IMPACT-O study.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Circular RNAs in metabolic health: bridging the gap between molecular biology and therapy.Cell death & disease · 2026Review
- Retatrutide for the treatment of obesity, obstructive sleep apnea and knee osteoarthritis: Rationale and design of the TRIUMPH registrational clinical trials.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Article
- Real-world evidence: state-of-the-art and future perspectives.Journal of comparative effectiveness research · 2025Review
- Article
- Adverse Childhood Experiences and Risk of Abnormal Body Mass Index: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Assessing economic investment required to scale up bariatric surgery capacity in England: a health economic modelling analysis.BMJ open · 2024Article
- The Multidisciplinary Approach in the Management of Patients with Kidney Stone Disease-A State-of-the-Art Review.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Article
- Association between body mass index (BMI) and [European journal of hybrid imaging · 2023Article
- The forgotten patient: A psychological perspective on the implementation of bariatric surgery guidelines.Obesity science & practice · 2023Review
- Obesity-related complications, healthcare resource use and weight loss strategies in six European countries: the RESOURCE survey.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveObesity rates in the United Kingdom are some of the highest in Western Europe, with considerable clinical and societal impacts. Obesity is associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D), osteoarthritis, cardiovascular disease, and increased mortality; however, relatively few studies have examined the occurrence of multiple obesity-related outcomes in the same patient population. This study was designed to examine the associations between body mass index (BMI) and a broad range of obesity-related conditions in the same large cohort from a UK-representative primary care database.
methodsDemographic data and diagnosis codes were extracted from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink GOLD database in January 2019. Adults registered for ≥ 3 years were grouped by BMI, with BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m
resultsMore than 2.9 million individuals were included in the analyses and were followed up for occurrence of relevant outcomes for a median of 11.4 years during the study period. Generally, there was a stepwise increase in risk of all outcomes with higher BMI. Individuals with BMI 40.0-45.0 kg/m
conclusionsThis study substantiates evidence linking higher BMI to higher risk of a range of serious health conditions, in a large, representative UK cohort. By focusing on obesity-related conditions, this demonstrates the wider clinical impact and the healthcare burden of obesity, and highlights the vital importance of management, treatment approaches, and public health programs to mitigate the impact of this disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.