ArticleCytokine2021
Aberrant cytokine expression in COVID-19 patients: Associations between cytokines and disease severity.
Article in Cytokine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- S100 Protein and Interleukin Biomarkers Among COVID-19 Subjects With and Without Pneumonia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.British journal of biomedical science · 2025Pooled it
- D-dimer levels and characteristics of lymphocyte subsets, cytokine profiles in peripheral blood of patients with severe COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Diagnostic performance of upper airway sampling sites for SARS-CoV-2 and influenza testing.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Trial
- Photobiomodulation Improves Serum Cytokine Response in Mild to Moderate COVID-19: The First Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled, Pilot Study.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Trial
- Plasma Cytokine and Caspase-1p20 Profiles in Pre-Pandemic and Long COVID-Associated Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2-derived RNA replicons as safe and effective vaccines.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Dual inflammation in schizophrenia infected with COVID-19: Impact on cognitive function.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- COVID-19 and Liver Injury, Beyond the First Pandemic Waves: Clinical and Immune-Virological Features.Journal of viral hepatitis · 2025Article
- Transcriptomic analysis of differential expression between surviving and nonsurviving patients infected by the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Molecular insights into the bidirectional link between anxiety and COVID-19: a combined clinical and bioinformatics approach.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Article
- Differential expression of biomarkers in saliva related to SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with mild, moderate and severe COVID-19.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Dynamics of Cytokine, SARS-CoV-2-Specific IgG, and Neutralizing Antibody Levels in COVID-19 Patients Treated with Convalescent Plasma.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Th-1, Th-2, Th-9, Th-17, Th-22 type cytokine concentrations of critical COVID-19 patients after treatment with Remdesivir.Immunobiology · 2023Article
- Comparison of systemic inflammatory profiles in COVID-19 and community-acquired pneumonia patients: a prospective cohort study.Respiratory research · 2023Observational
- Cytokine Levels and Severity of Illness Scoring Systems to Predict Mortality in COVID-19 Infection.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Circulating extracellular particles from severe COVID-19 patients show altered profiling and innate lymphoid cell-modulating ability.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Simulation of COVID-19 symptoms in a genetically engineered mouse model: implications for the long haulers.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2023Article
- PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 mediated cellular signaling and virus-host interactions: latest updates on the potential therapeutic management of SARS-CoV-2 infection.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2023Review
- Cell type dependent stability and virulence of a recombinant SARS-CoV-2, and engineering of a propagation deficient RNA replicon to analyze virus RNA synthesis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cytokines play pleiotropic, antagonistic, and collaborative in viral disease. The high morbidity and mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) make it a significant threat to global public health. Elucidating its pathogenesis is essential to finding effective therapy. A retrospective study was conducted on 71 patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Data on cytokines, T lymphocytes, and other clinical and laboratory characteristics were collected from patients with variable disease severity. The effects of cytokines on the overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) of patients were analyzed. The critically severe and severe patients had higher infection indexes and significant multiple organ function abnormalities than the mild patients (P < 0.05). IL-6 and IL-10 were significantly higher in the critically severe patients than in the severe and mild patients (P < 0.05). IL-6 and IL-10 were closely associated with white blood cells, neutrophils, T lymphocyte subsets, D-D dimer, blood urea nitrogen, complement C1q, procalcitonin C-reactive protein. Moreover, the IL-6 and IL-10 levels were closely correlated to dyspnea and dizziness (P < 0.05). The patients with higher IL-10 levels had shorter OS than the group with lower levels (P < 0.05). The older patients with higher levels of single IL-6 or IL-10 tended to have shorter EFS (P < 0.05), while the patients who had more elevated IL-6 and IL-10 had shorter OS (P < 0.05). The Cox proportional hazard model revealed that IL-6 was the independent factor affecting EFS. IL-6 and IL-10 play crucial roles in COVID-19 prognosis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.