ArticleThe Science of the total environment2021
Pregnancy exposure to common-detect organophosphate esters and phthalates and maternal thyroid function.
Article in The Science of the total environment, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk Factors for Thyroid Function Test Abnormalities During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of the Literature to Validate Current Risk Factors and Identify Novel Ones.Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association · 2025Pooled it
- Racial and ethnic disparities in environmental chemical exposures and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: The ECHO-wide cohort study.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2026Article
- Prenatal exposure to organophosphate ester flame retardants and child cognition: Findings from the environmental influences on child Health Outcomes cohort.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2026Article
- Prenatal exposure to organophosphate ester flame retardants and behavioral outcomes in early childhood in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) cohort.Environment international · 2025Article
- Gestational exposures to mixtures of multiple chemical classes and autism spectrum disorder in the MARBLES study.Environmental research · 2025Article
- Evaluation of the endocrine disrupting potential of Di-isononyl phthalate.Current research in toxicology · 2025Article
- Occurrence, Bioaccumulation, and Risk Assessment of Organophosphate Esters in Rivers Receiving Different Effluents.Toxics · 2024Article
- Exposure to organophosphate esters and maternal-child health.Environmental research · 2024Review
- Associations of Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardant Exposures during Pregnancy with Gestational Duration and Fetal Growth: The Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program.Environmental health perspectives · 2024Article
- Temporal trends and predictors of gestational exposure to organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers.Environment international · 2023Article
- Prenatal organophosphate ester exposure and executive function in Norwegian preschoolers.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2023Article
- The association of prenatal phthalates, organophosphorous pesticides, and organophosphate esters with early child language ability in Norway.Environmental research · 2023Article
- Gestational organophosphate ester exposure and preschool attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child cohort study.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2023Article
- Modeling di (2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) and Its Metabolism in a Body's Organs and Tissues through Different Intake Pathways into Human Body.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Pregnancy exposure to organophosphate esters and the risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in the Norwegian mother, father and child cohort study.Environment international · 2021Article
- Gestational Phthalate Exposure and Preschool Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Norway.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundContemporary human populations are exposed to elevated concentrations of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and phthalates. Some metabolites have been linked with altered thyroid function, however, inconsistencies exist across thyroid function biomarkers. Research on OPEs is sparse, particularly during pregnancy, when maintaining normal thyroid function is critical to maternal and fetal health. In this paper, we aimed to characterize relationships between OPEs and phthalates exposure and maternal thyroid function during pregnancy, using a cross-sectional investigation of pregnant women nested within the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort (MoBa).
methodsWe included 473 pregnant women, who were euthyroid and provided bio-samples at 17 weeks' gestation (2004-2008). Four OPE and six phthalate metabolites were measured from urine; six thyroid function biomarkers were estimated from blood. Relationships between thyroid function biomarkers and log-transformed concentrations of OPE and phthalate metabolites were characterized using two approaches that both accounted for confounding by co-exposures: co-pollutant adjusted general linear model (GLM) and Bayesian Kernal Machine Regression (BKMR).
resultsWe restricted our analysis to common-detect OPE and phthalate metabolites (>94%): diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), di-n-butyl phosphate (DNBP), and all phthalate metabolites. In GLM, pregnant women with summed di-isononyl phthalate metabolites (∑DiNP) concentrations in the 75th percentile had a 0.37 ng/μg lower total triiodothyronine (TT3): total thyroxine (TT4) ratio (95% credible interval: [-0.59, -0.15]) as compared to those in the 25th percentile, possibly due to small but diverging influences on TT3 (-1.99 ng/dL [-4.52, 0.53]) and TT4 (0.13 μg/dL [-0.01, 0.26]). Similar trends were observed for DNBP and inverse associations were observed for DPHP, monoethyl phthalate, mono-isobutyl phthalate, and mono-n-butyl phthalate. Most associations observed in co-pollutants adjusted GLMs were attenuated towards the null in BKMR, except for the case of ∑DiNP and TT3:TT4 ratio (-0.48 [-0.96, 0.003]).
conclusionsMaternal thyroid function varied modestly with ∑DiNP, whereas results for DPHP varied by the type of statistical models.
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