ArticleBiomaterials2021
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor mRNA and Neuroprotective Immunity in Parkinson's disease.
Article in Biomaterials, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sargramostim (rhu GM-CSF) as Cancer Therapy (Systematic Review) and An Immunomodulator. A Drug Before Its Time?Frontiers in immunologyPooled it
- A Hypothesis-Generating Pharmacologic Profile for Sargramostim Treatment of Parkinson's Disease.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2026Trial
- Bioengineering strategies for improving the immunogenicity of mRNA vaccines.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Cell-based immunotherapy for neurodegenerative disease: A promising avenue.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Peptide additives reprogram the lipid nanoparticle corona and enhance gene delivery in a serum-free environment for lung epithelium.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Recent Developments in Lipid Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of Biotherapeutics and Gene Therapy Across the Blood-Brain Barrier.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2026Review
- The evolution of lipid nanoparticles: Paving the way for next-generation nucleic acid medicines.Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2026Review
- Colostrum extracellular vesicles are neuroprotective in models of Parkinson's disease.Theranostics · 2026Article
- Neuroimmune crosstalk in Parkinson's disease: the pivotal role of microglia and infiltrating T cells.Molecular biology reports · 2025Review
- Functional Monomers Equipped Microgel System for Managing Parkinson's Disease by Intervening Chemokine Axis-mediated Nerve Cell Communications.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Treating activated regulatory T cells with pramipexole protects human dopaminergic neurons from 6-OHDA-induced degeneration.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2024Article
- Lipid-encapsulated mRNA encoding an extended serum half-life interleukin-22 ameliorates metabolic disease in mice.Molecular metabolism · 2024Article
- Neurovascular and immune factors of vulnerability of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in non-human primates.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2024Article
- The clinical impact of mRNA therapeutics in the treatment of cancers, infections, genetic disorders, and autoimmune diseases.Heliyon · 2024Review
- Lipid Nanoparticle (LNP) Delivery Carrier-Assisted Targeted Controlled Release mRNA Vaccines in Tumor Immunity.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Lipid-based nanoparticles for drug delivery in Parkinson's disease.Translational neuroscience · 2024Review
- Amyloid-β specific regulatory T cells attenuate Alzheimer's disease pathobiology in APP/PS1 mice.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2023Article
- An open-label multiyear study of sargramostim-treated Parkinson's disease patients examining drug safety, tolerability, and immune biomarkers from limited case numbers.Translational neurodegeneration · 2023Article
- Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for non-healing diabetic foot ulcer infection: New insight.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2023Review
- Tri-element nanozyme PtCuSe as an ingenious cascade catalytic machine for the amelioration of Parkinson's disease-like symptoms.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Restoring numbers and function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) is a novel therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative disorders. Whether Treg function is boosted by adoptive cell transfer, pharmaceuticals, or immune modulators, the final result is a robust anti-inflammatory and neuronal sparing response. Herein, a newly developed lipid nanoparticle (LNP) containing mRNA encoding granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (Gm-csf mRNA) was developed to peripherally induce Tregs and used for treatment in preclinical Parkinson's disease (PD) models. Administration of Gm-csf mRNA to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated mice and rats overexpressing alpha-synuclein produced dose-dependent increases in plasma GM-CSF levels and peripheral CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg populations. This upregulation paralleled nigrostriatal neuroprotection, upregulated immunosuppression-associated mRNAs that led to the detection of a treatment-induced CD4+ T cell population, and decreased reactive microgliosis. The current findings strengthen prior works utilizing immune modulation by harnessing Gm-csf mRNA to augment adaptive immune function by employing a new delivery platform to treat PD and potentially other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.