ReviewInternational journal of pharmaceutics2021
mRNA-lipid nanoparticle COVID-19 vaccines: Structure and stability.
Review in International journal of pharmaceutics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 707 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
707 citing papers in PubMed, 1,403 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cas12a chRDNA-mediatedMolecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- mRNA vaccines and therapeutics beyond COVID-19: A review of the global clinical development landscape, low- and middle-income countries involvement and relevance to their contexts.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Engineered nanovaccines for prophylactic and therapeutic immunotherapy against cancer and infectious disease.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Next-generation vaccine adjuvants: Integrating nanotechnology, systems immunology, and computational approaches for precision vaccinology.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Beyond Nanosizing: Mechanism-Guided Design and Rational Selection of Polymeric and Lipid Nanocarriers for Translatable Drug Delivery.Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 2026Review
- Cancer nanomedicine and RNA/Lipid nanoparticle platforms in oncology: developmental evolution, translational barriers, and precision-therapy opportunities.Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute · 2026Review
- Translating base editors: a decade of progress from the bench to the clinic.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2026Review
- In vivo engineering of CAR natural killer cells for immunotherapy using ligand-directed lipid nanoparticles.Nature biotechnology · 2026Article
- PEG-associated efficacy loss in lipid nanoparticles persists across formulation modifications for mRNA delivery.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Bioengineering strategies for improving the immunogenicity of mRNA vaccines.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Towards mRNA therapeutics 2.0.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2026Review
- Overcoming hepatic tropism: Precision engineering of lipid nanoparticles for extrahepatic RNA delivery.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Structural evolution of ionizable lipids for nucleic acid delivery.Nature reviews. Chemistry · 2026Review
- mRNA lipid nanoparticle vaccines: current status, challenges and future prospects.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Accelerated discovery of thermostable mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccines using data-efficient AI.Nature biotechnology · 2026Article
- mRNA delivery to the retina restores REP1 function in choroideremia.Molecular therapy. Advances · 2026Article
- Spray Freeze Drying for Solid Formulations of RNA Lipid Nanoparticles.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2026Article
- Dual pKa Lipid Nanoparticles for Lung-tropic mRNA Delivery and pH-Programmed Endosomal Escape.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- An Investigation of Water Vapor Sorption for Improving Reconstitution Pathways of Freeze-Dried Lipid Nanoparticles Stabilized by Trehalose/Mannitol Excipients.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2026Article
- Research Progress, Application, and Industrialization Prospects of Circular RNA Vaccines in Viral Diseases.Vaccines · 2026Review
647 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A drawback of the current mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (LNP) COVID-19 vaccines is that they have to be stored at (ultra)low temperatures. Understanding the root cause of the instability of these vaccines may help to rationally improve mRNA-LNP product stability and thereby ease the temperature conditions for storage. In this review we discuss proposed structures of mRNA-LNPs, factors that impact mRNA-LNP stability and strategies to optimize mRNA-LNP product stability. Analysis of mRNA-LNP structures reveals that mRNA, the ionizable cationic lipid and water are present in the LNP core. The neutral helper lipids are mainly positioned in the outer, encapsulating, wall. mRNA hydrolysis is the determining factor for mRNA-LNP instability. It is currently unclear how water in the LNP core interacts with the mRNA and to what extent the degradation prone sites of mRNA are protected through a coat of ionizable cationic lipids. To improve the stability of mRNA-LNP vaccines, optimization of the mRNA nucleotide composition should be prioritized. Secondly, a better understanding of the milieu the mRNA is exposed to in the core of LNPs may help to rationalize adjustments to the LNP structure to preserve mRNA integrity. Moreover, drying techniques, such as lyophilization, are promising options still to be explored.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.