ArticleBMJ case reports2021
Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a rare cause of primary amenorrhoea in adolescence-a review and update on diagnosis, management and advances in genetic understanding.
Article in BMJ case reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 4 citations in OpenAlex.
- Kallmann Syndrome in a 30-Year-Old Female With Primary Infertility: A Case Report.Case reports in obstetrics and gynecology · 2026Article
- The Spectrum of Hypogonadism in Women From Basrah.Cureus · 2024Article
- Epigenetics of Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism: Molecular Mimicry between Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and KISSR.Global medical genetics · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) refers to a family of genetic disorders that affect the production and/or action of gonadotropic-releasing hormone, resulting in reduced serum levels of sex steroids. This condition has a prevalence of 1-10 cases/100 000 births and is characterised by the absence of spontaneous pubertal development. In women, the condition is characterised by the onset of normal adrenarche, with the absence of thelarche and menarche. Pubertal induction for breast development and uterine growth with oestradiol, and sequential maintenance of a normal menstrual cycle and adequate oestrogen for bone health, with an oestrogen and progesterone, is considered first-line treatment. Pregnancy can be achieved in patients who have received and responded to treatment with ovulation induction with exogenous gonadotrophins. Advances in genetic testing have led to increased research and understanding of the underlying genetics of IHH with gene mutations described in up to 50% of all IHH cases.
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