Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33836613›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2021

Modeling programmable drug delivery in bioelectronics with electrochemical actuation.

Raudel Avila, Chenhang Li, Yeguang Xue, John A Rogers, Yonggang Huang

Open access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
13citing papers in PubMed
2.2field-weighted citation impact, top 13% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

13 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. A closed-loop microneedle-integrated physiological model for predictive glycemic management.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
  4. Smart closed-loop drug delivery systems.Nature reviews bioengineering · 2025
    Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Periodic Flows in Microfluidics.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2024
    Review
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Raudel AvilaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208.
Chenhang LiDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208.ORCID 0000-0001-5982-7908
Yeguang XueDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208.ORCID 0000-0002-1968-5092
John A RogersDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208.
Yonggang HuangDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208; y-huang@northwestern.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-0483-8359
Northwestern University · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Drug delivery systems featuring electrochemical actuation represent an emerging class of biomedical technology with programmable volume/flowrate capabilities for localized delivery. Recent work establishes applications in neuroscience experiments involving small animals in the context of pharmacological response. However, for programmable delivery, the available flowrate control and delivery time models fail to consider key variables of the drug delivery system--microfluidic resistance and membrane stiffness. Here we establish an analytical model that accounts for the missing variables and provides a scalable understanding of each variable influence in the physics of delivery process (i.e., maximum flowrate, delivery time). This analytical model accounts for the key parameters--initial environmental pressure, initial volume, microfluidic resistance, flexible membrane, current, and temperature--to control the delivery and bypasses numerical simulations allowing faster system optimization for different in vivo experiments. We show that the delivery process is controlled by three nondimensional parameters, and the volume/flowrate results from the proposed analytical model agree with the numerical results and experiments. These results have relevance to the many emerging applications of programmable delivery in clinical studies within the neuroscience and broader biomedical communities.

Indexed as

Drug Delivery SystemsModels, ChemicalDrug ImplantsElectrochemistryEquipment DesignMembranes, ArtificialMicrofluidicsReproducibility of ResultsDrug ImplantsMembranes, Artificialanalytical modeldrug deliveryelectrochemical actuationflexible membranemechanics

Identifiers

PMID33836613
PMCPMC7980470
OpenAlexW3135630227

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.