Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33836574›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2021

Antigenic cartography reveals complexities of genetic determinants that lead to antigenic differences among pandemic GII.4 noroviruses.

Joseph A Kendra, Kentaro Tohma, Lauren A Ford-Siltz, Cara J Lepore, Gabriel I Parra

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
37citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

37 citing papers in PubMed.

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  4. Understanding patterns of variant emergence and spread in an ongoing epidemic.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Joseph A KendraDivision of Viral Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993.ORCID 0000-0001-5886-7377
Kentaro TohmaDivision of Viral Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993.ORCID 0000-0002-0456-9355
Lauren A Ford-SiltzDivision of Viral Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993.ORCID 0000-0002-6841-4678
Cara J LeporeDivision of Viral Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993.ORCID 0000-0001-9349-3155
Gabriel I ParraDivision of Viral Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993 gabriel.parra@fda.hhs.gov.ORCID 0000-0002-1102-4740

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Noroviruses are the predominant cause of acute gastroenteritis, with a single genotype (GII.4) responsible for the majority of infections. This prevalence is characterized by the periodic emergence of new variants that present substitutions at antigenic sites of the major structural protein (VP1), facilitating escape from herd immunity. Notably, the contribution of intravariant mutations to changes in antigenic properties is unknown. We performed a comprehensive antigenic analysis on a virus-like particle panel representing major chronological GII.4 variants to investigate diversification at the inter- and intravariant level. Immunoassays, neutralization data, and cartography analyses showed antigenic similarities between phylogenetically related variants, with major switches to antigenic properties observed over the evolution of GII.4 variants. Genetic analysis indicated that multiple coevolving amino acid changes-primarily at antigenic sites-are associated with the antigenic diversification of GII.4 variants. These data highlight complexities of the genetic determinants and provide a framework for the antigenic characterization of emerging GII.4 noroviruses.

Indexed as

Antigenic VariationAmino Acid SubstitutionAntibodies, ViralAntigens, ViralBinding Sites, AntibodyCaliciviridae InfectionsCapsid ProteinsGastroenteritisHumansNorovirusPandemicsAntibodies, ViralAntigens, ViralCapsid Proteinsantigenic cartographyantigenic mappingGII.4 norovirusesnoroviruspandemic

Identifiers

PMID33836574
PMCPMC7980451

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.