ArticleDemography2021
Evaluating the Use of a Two-Step Gender Identity Measure in the 2018 General Social Survey.
Article in Demography, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Patient-reported outcomes, provider-reported outcomes, and physiologic parameters after gender-affirming hormone treatment in Canada: a systematic review.Hormones (Athens, Greece) · 2025Pooled it
- Pre- and post-COVID-19 gender trends in authorship for paediatric radiology articles worldwide: a systematic review.Pediatric radiology · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- An Intersectional Analysis of Intraminority Stigma Experiences and Community Involvement Among Young, Middle-Aged, and Older Gay Men.Journal of homosexuality · 2026Article
- Public perception of facial vascularized composite allotransplants-insights from a cross-sectional survey of healthy individuals in the USA.JPRAS open · 2026Article
- Applicability of Existing Gender Scores for German Clinical Research Data: Scoping Review and Data Mapping.JMIR medical informatics · 2026Article
- Gender Identity Milestones and Hormone Utilization in Transgender Men and Women in China.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Labia Minora Redefined: A Nonpenile Inversion Technique in Gender-affirming Vaginoplasty.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2025Article
- Redefining the gender identity spectrum in longitudinal studies: adolescent response patterns after adopting the two-step measure of sex and gender.Health promotion and chronic disease prevention in Canada : research, policy and practice · 2025Article
- The role of sex in the association between cannabis use disorder and resting-state functional connectivity.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Article
- A Refinement Technique to Conceal the Scar Along the Labia Majora in Gender-affirming Vaginoplasty.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2025Article
- A scoping review of empirical research on firearms and firearm violence among sexual and gender minority populations in the United States.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2025Article
- Shifting Paradigms: A Deep Dive Into Public Perceptions of Gender-affirming Surgery.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2025Article
- Demographic Differences in Responses to a Two-Step Gender Identity Measure.Sociological science · 2025Article
- Patient-reported outcome measures for paediatric gender-affirming care: A systematic review.Paediatrics & child health · 2024Article
- Sexual orientation, gender identity and virologic failure among people with HIV: a cohort study in all of US research program.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Minority stressors and tobacco use among a US sample of sexual and gender minority young adults.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2024Article
- Breast and cervical cancer screenings across gender identity: results from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2024Article
- Pilot Test of A Gender-conscious Sexual Health Intake Questionnaire: Increasing Inclusivity and Mitigating Bias in Sexual History Taking.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2024Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In 2018, the General Social Survey (GSS) asked some respondents for their sex assigned at birth and current gender identity, in addition to the ongoing practice of having survey interviewers code respondent sex. Between 0.44% and 0.93% of the respondents who were surveyed identified as transgender, identified with a gender that does not conventionally correspond to the sex they were assigned at birth, or identified the sex they were assigned at birth inconsistently with the interviewer's assessment of respondent sex. These results corroborate previous estimates of the transgender population size in the United States. Furthermore, the implementation of these new questions mirrors the successful inclusion of other small populations represented in the GSS, such as lesbian, gay, and bisexual people, as well as Muslims, Buddhists, and Hindus. Data on transgender and gender-nonconforming populations can be pooled together over time to assess these populations' attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, and social inequality patterns. We identified inconsistencies between interviewer-coded sex, self-reported sex, and gender identity. As with the coding of race in the GSS, interviewer-coded assessments can mismatch respondents' self-reported identification. Our findings underscore the importance of continuing to ask respondents to self-report gender identity separately from sex assigned at birth in the GSS and other surveys.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.