ArticleMedicine access @ point of care
Cost savings of paper analytical devices (PADs) to detect substandard and falsified antibiotics: Kenya case study.
Article in Medicine access @ point of care. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Chemotherapy Medications in Sub-Saharan Africa: Availability, Pricing, Affordability, and Predictors of Quality.JCO global oncology · 2026Article
- Cost-effective track and trace technology for poor-quality chemotherapeutic pharmaceuticals in resource-limited countries: a review of the Chemotherapeutic Paper Analytical Device.Frontiers in medical technology · 2024Review
- Comparing the return on investment of technologies to detect substandard and falsified amoxicillin: A Kenya case study.PloS one · 2023Article
- Usefulness of medicine screening tools in the frame of pharmaceutical post-marketing surveillance.PloS one · 2023Article
- An open-source smartphone app for the quantitative evaluation of thin-layer chromatographic analyses in medicine quality screening.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Modeling the Health and Economic Impact of Substandard and Falsified Medicines: A Review of Existing Models and Approaches.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundOver 10% of antibiotics in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are substandard or falsified. Detection of poor-quality antibiotics via the gold standard method, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), is slow and costly. Paper analytical devices (PADs) and antibiotic paper analytical devices (aPADs) have been developed as an inexpensive way to estimate antibiotic quality in LMICs.
aimTo model the impact of using a rapid screening tools, PADs/aPADs, to improve the quality of amoxicillin used for treatment of childhood pneumonia in Kenya.
methodsWe developed an agent-based model, ESTEEM (Examining Screening Technologies with Economic Evaluations for Medicines), to estimate the effectiveness and cost savings of incorporating PADs and aPADs in amoxicillin quality surveillance in Kenya. We compared the current testing scenario (batches of entire samples tested by HPLC) with an expedited HPLC scenario (testing smaller batches at a time), as well as a screening scenario using PADs/aPADs to identify poor-quality amoxicillin followed by confirmatory analysis with HPLC.
resultsScenarios using PADs/aPADs or expedited HPLC yielded greater incremental benefits than the current testing scenario by annually averting 586 (90% uncertainty range (UR) 364-874) and 221 (90% UR 126-332) child pneumonia deaths, respectively. The PADs/aPADs screening scenario identified and removed poor-quality antibiotics faster than the expedited or regular HPLC scenarios, and reduced costs significantly. The PADs/aPADs scenario resulted in an incremental return of $14.9 million annually compared with the reference scenario of only using HPLC.
conclusionThis analysis shows the significant value of PADs/aPADs as a medicine quality screening and testing tool in LMICs with limited resources.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.