ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
COVID-19-A Theory of Autoimmunity Against ACE-2 Explained.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Autoimmune encephalitis in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review of case reports and case series.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Pooled it
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE2) Downregulation During Coronavirus Infection.Molecular biotechnology · 2025Review
- Autoantibodies targeting angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 are prevalent and not induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2025Article
- Infection to hypertension: a review of post-COVID-19 new-onset hypertension prevalence and potential underlying mechanisms.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Review
- Review
- COVID-19 acts like a stress test, uncovering the vulnerable part of the human body: a retrospective study of 1640 cases in China.European journal of public health · 2024Article
- Article
- Autoantibodies in COVID-19: implications for disease severity and clinical outcomes.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Risk stratification and prediction of severity of COVID-19 infection in patients with preexisting cardiovascular disease.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Current and Emerging Knowledge in COVID-19.Radiology · 2023Review
- COVID-19 disease and autoimmune disorders: A mutual pathway.World journal of methodology · 2022Review
- Angiotensin type-1 receptor and ACE2 autoantibodies in Parkinson´s disease.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2022Article
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2): Two decades of revelations and re-evaluation.Peptides · 2022Review
- COVID-19 Vaccines: Current and Future Perspectives.Vaccines · 2022Review
- An intra-cytoplasmic route for SARS-CoV-2 transmission unveiled by Helium-ion microscopy.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Drugs Modulating Renin-Angiotensin System in COVID-19 Treatment.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Fast and Accurate Surrogate Virus Neutralization Test Based on Antibody-Mediated Blocking of the Interaction of ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein RBD.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Chronic spontaneous urticaria after BNT162b2 mRNA (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccination against SARS-CoV-2.Allergy and asthma proceedings · 2022Article
- The Hidden Enemy Within: Non-canonical Peptides in Virus-Induced Autoimmunity.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Angiotensin System Autoantibodies Correlate With Routine Prognostic Indicators for COVID-19 Severity.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the coronavirus SARS-COV-2 has cost many lives worldwide. In dealing with affected patients, the physician is faced with a very unusual pattern of organ damage that is not easily explained on the basis of prior knowledge of viral-induced pathogenesis. It is established that the main receptor for viral entry into tissues is the protein angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 ["ACE-2", (1)]. In a recent publication (2), a theory of autoimmunity against ACE-2, and/or against the ACE-2/SARS-COV-2 spike protein complex or degradation products thereof, was proposed as a possible explanation for the unusual pattern of organ damage seen in COVID-19. In the light of more recent information, this manuscript expands on the earlier proposed theory and offers additional, testable hypotheses that could explain both the pattern and timeline of organ dysfunction most often observed in COVID-19.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.