Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33833052›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2021

A model and test for coordinated polygenic epistasis in complex traits.

Brooke Sheppard, Nadav Rappoport, Po-Ru Loh, Stephan J Sanders, Noah Zaitlen, Andy Dahl

Open access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
21citing papers in PubMed
3.6field-weighted citation impact, top 7% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

21 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Context-specific genetic effects inform endotypes and treatment in asthma.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Choice of phenotype scale is critical in biobank-based G×E tests.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
    Article
  5. Article
  6. Epistatic contributions to human traits via transcription factor mechanisms.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025
    Article
  7. Article
  8. Genetic risk effects on psychiatric disorders act in sets.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025
    Article
  9. Beyond predictive RAmerican journal of human genetics · 2025
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  11. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Brooke SheppardDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.ORCID 0000-0003-1502-2141
Nadav RappoportDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.ORCID 0000-0002-7218-2558
Po-Ru LohProgram in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142.
Stephan J SandersDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.
Noah ZaitlenDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; nzaitlen@ucla.edu andywdahl@uchicago.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-3553-3670
Andy DahlDepartment of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; nzaitlen@ucla.edu andywdahl@uchicago.edu.
University of California, San Francisco · USUniversity of California, Los Angeles · USBroad Institute · US

Funding

Methods for Genome-wide Association Studies in Admixed PopulationsR01HG006399 · NHGRI · HARVARD UNIVERSITY D/B/A HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH · PI PRICE, ALKES L · 2011 to 2024
$6.3M
Optimizing imputation for diverse populations in a distributed frameworkU01HG009080 · NHGRI · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI KENNY, EIMEAR ELIZABETH · 2016 to 2020
$5.2M
Improved methods for inference of genotype-specific response to environmental toxinsR01ES029929 · NIEHS · PRINCETON UNIVERSITY · PI AYROLES, JULIEN, CLARK, ANDREW G · 2019 to 2023
$3.6M
(PQ3) A functional genomic approach to identification and interpretation of germline-tumor genetic interactionsR01CA227237 · NCI · DANA-FARBER CANCER INST · PI GUSEV, ALEXANDER, ZAITLEN, NOAH A · 2018 to 2022
$3.5M
4/4 - The Autism Sequencing Consortium: Autism Gene Discovery in >50,000 ExomesU01MH111662 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI SANDERS, STEPHAN, STATE, MATTHEW W. · 2017 to 2021
$1.3M
3/3 Integrative Genomic Analysis of Human Brain Development and AutismR01MH110928 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI SANDERS, STEPHAN, STATE, MATTHEW W. · 2016 to 2019
$1.3M
Richer Models of Asthma Risk: Bridging the Environment-Genetics DivideK25HL121295 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI ZAITLEN, NOAH A · 2014 to 2018
$784k
Leveraging Novel Multivariate Methods of Subphenotypes in Genetic Association Studies of Sjogren’s SyndromeR03DE025665 · NIDCR · HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH · PI ASCHARD, HUGUES, ZAITLEN, NOAH A · 2016 to 2017
$494k
Medical Research Council MC_PC_17228Medical Research Council MC_QA137853NCI NIH HHS R01 CA227237NHGRI NIH HHS R01 HG006399NHGRI NIH HHS U01 HG009080NHLBI NIH HHS K25 HL121295NIDCR NIH HHS R03 DE025665NIEHS NIH HHS R01 ES029929NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH110928NIMH NIH HHS U01 MH111662
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Interactions between genetic variants-epistasis-is pervasive in model systems and can profoundly impact evolutionary adaption, population disease dynamics, genetic mapping, and precision medicine efforts. In this work, we develop a model for structured polygenic epistasis, called coordinated epistasis (CE), and prove that several recent theories of genetic architecture fall under the formal umbrella of CE. Unlike standard epistasis models that assume epistasis and main effects are independent, CE captures systematic correlations between epistasis and main effects that result from pathway-level epistasis, on balance skewing the penetrance of genetic effects. To test for the existence of CE, we propose the even-odd (EO) test and prove it is calibrated in a range of realistic biological models. Applying the EO test in the UK Biobank, we find evidence of CE in 18 of 26 traits spanning disease, anthropometric, and blood categories. Finally, we extend the EO test to tissue-specific enrichment and identify several plausible tissue-trait pairs. Overall, CE is a dimension of genetic architecture that can capture structured, systemic forms of epistasis in complex human traits.

Indexed as

Epistasis, GeneticModels, GeneticEvolution, MolecularGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseHumansMultifactorial InheritanceQuantitative Trait, Heritableepistasisgeneticspolygenic risk

Identifiers

PMID33833052
PMCPMC8053945
OpenAlexW3144454794

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.